diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fit/partition_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fit/partition_copy.hpp
index 8d868df0..2af9364b 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fit/partition_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fit/partition_copy.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_ALGORITHM_FIT_PARTITION_COPY_HPP
 #define SPROUT_ALGORITHM_FIT_PARTITION_COPY_HPP
 
+#include <iterator>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/distance.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
@@ -30,11 +31,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 				typename sprout::container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset
 				)
 			{
+				typedef typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::difference_type diff_type;
 				return sprout::sub_copy(
 					sprout::get_internal(sprout::fixed::partition_copy(first, last, result, pred)),
 					offset,
 					offset + sprout::fit_size(
-						result, sprout::detail::count_n_if(first, NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::min(sprout::distance(first, last), sprout::size(result)), pred)
+						result, sprout::detail::count_n_if(first, NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::min<diff_type>(sprout::distance(first, last), sprout::size(result)), pred)
 						)
 					);
 			}
diff --git a/sprout/container/begin.hpp b/sprout/container/begin.hpp
index 62e70593..c43f6143 100644
--- a/sprout/container/begin.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/begin.hpp
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout_adl {
@@ -81,4 +81,6 @@ namespace sprout {
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
+#include <sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp>
+
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_BEGIN_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/construct_functions.hpp b/sprout/container/construct_functions.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d7fa750b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/construct_functions.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_CONSTRUCT_FUNCTIONS_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_CONSTRUCT_FUNCTIONS_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/deep_copy.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/make.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/remake.hpp>
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_CONSTRUCT_FUNCTIONS_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/container_construct_traits.hpp b/sprout/container/container_construct_traits.hpp
index ddd931b0..160af30a 100644
--- a/sprout/container/container_construct_traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/container_construct_traits.hpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/internal_begin.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/internal_end.hpp>
@@ -26,9 +27,6 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// container_construct_traits
 	//
-	template<typename Container>
-	struct container_construct_traits;
-
 	namespace detail {
 		template<typename Container, typename... Args>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
diff --git a/sprout/container/container_fitness_traits.hpp b/sprout/container/container_fitness_traits.hpp
index 1054fbb7..dfaca490 100644
--- a/sprout/container/container_fitness_traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/container_fitness_traits.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #define SPROUT_CONTAINER_CONTAINER_FITNESS_TRAITS_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/size.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	public:
 		template<typename Cont>
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::difference_type
-		fit_size(Cont&& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::difference_type size) {
+		fit_size(Cont&& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type size) {
 			return NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::min(size, sprout::size(SPROUT_FORWARD(Cont, cont)));
 		}
 	};
diff --git a/sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp b/sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp
index bc3fb647..8d4ab805 100644
--- a/sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp
@@ -8,17 +8,126 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_CONTAINER_RANGE_TRAITS_HPP
 #define SPROUT_CONTAINER_CONTAINER_RANGE_TRAITS_HPP
 
-#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/begin.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/end.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/size.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// container_range_traits
 	//
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_size_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().size())>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_size_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_size
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_size
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_size_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename Container, typename = void>
+		struct container_range_traits_range_size_impl;
+		template<typename Container>
+		struct container_range_traits_range_size_impl<
+			Container,
+			typename std::enable_if<sprout::detail::has_mem_size<Container>::value>::type
+		> {
+		public:
+			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
+			range_size(Container const& cont) {
+				return cont.size();
+			}
+		};
+		template<typename Container>
+		struct container_range_traits_range_size_impl<
+			Container,
+			typename std::enable_if<!sprout::detail::has_mem_size<Container>::value>::type
+		> {
+		public:
+			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
+			range_size(Container const& cont) {
+				return sprout::distance(sprout::begin(cont), sprout::end(cont));
+			}
+		};
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_empty_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().empty())>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_empty_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_empty
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_empty
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_empty_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename Container, typename = void>
+		struct container_range_traits_range_empty_impl;
+		template<typename Container>
+		struct container_range_traits_range_empty_impl<
+			Container,
+			typename std::enable_if<sprout::detail::has_mem_empty<Container>::value>::type
+		> {
+		public:
+			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
+			range_empty(Container const& cont) {
+				return cont.empty();
+			}
+		};
+		template<typename Container>
+		struct container_range_traits_range_empty_impl<
+			Container,
+			typename std::enable_if<!sprout::detail::has_mem_empty<Container>::value>::type
+		> {
+		public:
+			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
+			range_empty(Container const& cont) {
+				return sprout::size(cont) == 0;
+			}
+		};
+	}	// namespace detail
+
 	template<typename Container>
-	struct container_range_traits {
+	struct container_range_traits
+		: public sprout::detail::container_range_traits_range_size_impl<Container>
+		, public sprout::detail::container_range_traits_range_empty_impl<Container>
+	{
 	public:
+		// iterators:
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
 		range_begin(Container& cont) {
 			return cont.begin();
@@ -27,7 +136,6 @@ namespace sprout {
 		range_begin(Container const& cont) {
 			return cont.begin();
 		}
-
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
 		range_end(Container& cont) {
 			return cont.end();
@@ -40,20 +148,30 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename Container>
 	struct container_range_traits<Container const> {
 	public:
+		// iterators:
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
 		range_begin(Container const& cont) {
 			return sprout::container_range_traits<Container>::range_begin(cont);
 		}
-
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
 		range_end(Container const& cont) {
 			return sprout::container_range_traits<Container>::range_end(cont);
 		}
+		// capacity:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+		range_size(Container const& cont) {
+			return sprout::container_range_traits<Container>::range_size(cont);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
+		range_empty(Container const& cont) {
+			return sprout::container_range_traits<Container>::range_empty(cont);
+		}
 	};
 
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	struct container_range_traits<T[N]> {
 	public:
+		// iterators:
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::iterator
 		range_begin(T (& arr)[N]) {
 			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::iterator type;
@@ -64,7 +182,6 @@ namespace sprout {
 			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::iterator type;
 			return type(arr);
 		}
-
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::iterator
 		range_end(T (& arr)[N]) {
 			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::iterator type;
@@ -75,19 +192,37 @@ namespace sprout {
 			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::iterator type;
 			return type(arr) + N;
 		}
+		// capacity:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::size_type
+		range_size(T const (&)[N]) {
+			return N;
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
+		range_empty(T const (&)[N]) {
+			return false;
+		}
 	};
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	struct container_range_traits<T const[N]> {
 	public:
+		// iterators:
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::iterator
 		range_begin(T const (& arr)[N]) {
 			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_begin(arr);
 		}
-
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::const_iterator
 		range_end(T const (& arr)[N]) {
 			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_end(arr);
 		}
+		// capacity:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::size_type
+		range_size(T const (& arr)[N]) {
+			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_size(arr);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
+		range_empty(T const (& arr)[N]) {
+			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_empty(arr);
+		}
 	};
 }	// namespace sprout
 
diff --git a/sprout/container/container_traits.hpp b/sprout/container/container_traits.hpp
index 9af71d80..2d2a5b5f 100644
--- a/sprout/container/container_traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/container_traits.hpp
@@ -17,15 +17,13 @@
 #include <sprout/type_traits/has_xxx.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/inherit_if_xxx.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/detail/array_like.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 #if SPROUT_USE_PTR_INDEX_ITERATOR_IMPLEMENTATION
 #	include <sprout/iterator/ptr_index_iterator.hpp>
 #endif
 #include <sprout/workaround/base_class_construct.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
-	template<typename Container>
-	struct container_traits;
-
 	namespace detail {
 		//
 		// has_value_type
@@ -574,7 +572,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				0
 			>
 		{};
-	}	// namespace sprout
+	}	// namespace detail
 }	// namespace sprout
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_CONTAINER_TRAITS_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/container_transform_traits.hpp b/sprout/container/container_transform_traits.hpp
index 52f3d4ba..49dc3895 100644
--- a/sprout/container/container_transform_traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/container_transform_traits.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/detail/array_like.hpp>
 
@@ -18,9 +19,6 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// container_transform_traits
 	//
-	template<typename Container>
-	struct container_transform_traits;
-
 	namespace detail {
 		template<typename Container, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type Size>
 		struct default_array_rebind_size;
diff --git a/sprout/container/empty.hpp b/sprout/container/empty.hpp
index 52b93e2f..66ab173a 100644
--- a/sprout/container/empty.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/empty.hpp
@@ -9,18 +9,48 @@
 #define SPROUT_CONTAINER_EMPTY_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/begin.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/end.hpp>
+#include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_empty(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
 
 namespace sprout {
+	namespace container_detail {
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
+		range_empty(Container const& cont) {
+			return sprout::container_range_traits<Container>::range_empty(cont);
+		}
+	}	// namespace container_detail
+
 	//
 	// empty
 	//
+	//	effect:
+	//		ADL callable range_empty(cont) -> range_empty(cont)
+	//		otherwise -> sprout::container_range_traits<Container>::range_empty(cont)
+	//		[default]
+	//			callable cont.empty() -> cont.empty()
+	//			otherwise -> size(cont) == 0
+	//
 	template<typename Container>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
 	empty(Container const& cont) {
-		return sprout::begin(cont) == sprout::end(cont);
+		using sprout::container_detail::range_empty;
+		using sprout_adl::range_empty;
+		return range_empty(cont);
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
+	empty(T const (& arr)[N]) {
+		return sprout::container_detail::range_empty(arr);
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
+#include <sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp>
+
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_EMPTY_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/end.hpp b/sprout/container/end.hpp
index 26703c69..d368f90c 100644
--- a/sprout/container/end.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/end.hpp
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout_adl {
@@ -81,4 +81,6 @@ namespace sprout {
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
+#include <sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp>
+
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_END_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/fitness_functions.hpp b/sprout/container/fitness_functions.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..962554ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/fitness_functions.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_FITNESS_FUNCTIONS_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_FITNESS_FUNCTIONS_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/fit_size.hpp>
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_FITNESS_FUNCTIONS_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/functions.hpp b/sprout/container/functions.hpp
index 0aabc0df..5c7fc4cf 100644
--- a/sprout/container/functions.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/functions.hpp
@@ -9,24 +9,10 @@
 #define SPROUT_CONTAINER_FUNCTIONS_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/fixed_size.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/begin.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/end.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/size.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/empty.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/deep_copy.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/make.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/remake.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/fit_size.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/get_internal.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/get_deep_internal.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/internal_begin.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/internal_end.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/internal_size.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/internal_begin_offset.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/internal_end_offset.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/internal_begin_offset_backward.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/internal_end_offset_backward.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/internal_deep_copy.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/construct_functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/fitness_functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/sub_functions.hpp>
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_FUNCTIONS_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/range_functions.hpp b/sprout/container/range_functions.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d0c3900d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/range_functions.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_RANGE_FUNCTIONS_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_RANGE_FUNCTIONS_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/begin.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/end.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/size.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/empty.hpp>
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_RANGE_FUNCTIONS_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp b/sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8f61a63
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_RANGE_FUNCTIONS_FWD_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_RANGE_FUNCTIONS_FWD_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// begin
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+	begin(Container& cont);
+	template<typename Container>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+	begin(Container const& cont);
+	//
+	// cbegin
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+	cbegin(Container const& cont);
+
+	//
+	// end
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+	end(Container& cont);
+	template<typename Container>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+	end(Container const& cont);
+	//
+	// cend
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+	cend(Container const& cont);
+
+	//
+	// size
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+	size(Container const& cont);
+
+	//
+	// empty
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
+	empty(Container const& cont);
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+
+#include <sprout/container/size.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/empty.hpp>
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_RANGE_FUNCTIONS_FWD_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/size.hpp b/sprout/container/size.hpp
index fca44065..4aa5c81b 100644
--- a/sprout/container/size.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/size.hpp
@@ -9,20 +9,48 @@
 #define SPROUT_CONTAINER_SIZE_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/begin.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/end.hpp>
-#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_size(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
 
 namespace sprout {
+	namespace container_detail {
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+		range_size(Container const& cont) {
+			return sprout::container_range_traits<Container>::range_size(cont);
+		}
+	}	// namespace container_detail
+
 	//
 	// size
 	//
+	//	effect:
+	//		ADL callable range_size(cont) -> range_size(cont)
+	//		otherwise -> sprout::container_range_traits<Container>::range_size(cont)
+	//		[default]
+	//			callable cont.size() -> cont.size()
+	//			otherwise -> distance(begin(cont), end(cont))
+	//
 	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::difference_type
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
 	size(Container const& cont) {
-		return sprout::distance(sprout::begin(cont), sprout::end(cont));
+		using sprout::container_detail::range_size;
+		using sprout_adl::range_size;
+		return range_size(cont);
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::size_type
+	size(T const (& arr)[N]) {
+		return sprout::container_detail::range_size(arr);
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
+#include <sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp>
+
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_SIZE_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/sub_container_traits.hpp b/sprout/container/sub_container_traits.hpp
index 8dff8671..e70a3477 100644
--- a/sprout/container/sub_container_traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/sub_container_traits.hpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
diff --git a/sprout/container/sub_functions.hpp b/sprout/container/sub_functions.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..987511ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/sub_functions.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_SUB_FUNCTIONS_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_SUB_FUNCTIONS_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/get_internal.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/get_deep_internal.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/internal_begin.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/internal_end.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/internal_size.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/internal_begin_offset.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/internal_end_offset.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/internal_begin_offset_backward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/internal_end_offset_backward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/internal_deep_copy.hpp>
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_SUB_FUNCTIONS_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/traits.hpp b/sprout/container/traits.hpp
index 94dc995f..96db1ffa 100644
--- a/sprout/container/traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/traits.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #define SPROUT_CONTAINER_TRAITS_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_construct_traits.hpp>
diff --git a/sprout/container/traits_functions.hpp b/sprout/container/traits_functions.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0de041f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/traits_functions.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_TRAITS_FUNCTIONS_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_TRAITS_FUNCTIONS_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/fixed_size.hpp>
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_TRAITS_FUNCTIONS_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp b/sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da97452b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_TRAITS_FWD_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_TRAITS_FWD_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// container_traits
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_traits;
+
+	//
+	// container_range_traits
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_traits;
+
+	//
+	// container_construct_traits
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_construct_traits;
+
+	//
+	// container_transform_traits
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_transform_traits;
+
+	//
+	// container_fitness_traits
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_fitness_traits;
+
+	//
+	// sub_container_traits
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct sub_container_traits;
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_TRAITS_FWD_HPP