diff --git a/sprout/array.hpp b/sprout/array.hpp
index da310d35..b523b9ba 100644
--- a/sprout/array.hpp
+++ b/sprout/array.hpp
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	// swap
 	//
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline void swap(sprout::array<T, N>& lhs, sprout::array<T, N>& rhs) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(lhs.swap(rhs))) {
+	inline void swap(sprout::array<T, N>& lhs, sprout::array<T, N>& rhs) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(lhs.swap(rhs))) {
 		lhs.swap(rhs);
 	}
 
@@ -290,3 +290,4 @@ namespace std {
 }	// namespace std
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_ARRAY_HPP
+
diff --git a/sprout/fixed_container/size.hpp b/sprout/fixed_container/size.hpp
index 24f86635..4ebbacb5 100644
--- a/sprout/fixed_container/size.hpp
+++ b/sprout/fixed_container/size.hpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	// size
 	//
 	template<typename Range>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Range>::difference_type size(Range const& range) {
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Range>::difference_type size(Range const& range) {
 		return NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT_DETAIL::distance(sprout::begin(range), sprout::end(range));
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
diff --git a/sprout/string.hpp b/sprout/string.hpp
index ae218105..79427945 100644
--- a/sprout/string.hpp
+++ b/sprout/string.hpp
@@ -2,9 +2,10 @@
 #define SPROUT_STRING_HPP
 
 #include <cstddef>
-#include <iosfwd>
+#include <ios>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <utility>
+#include <string>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
@@ -18,10 +19,77 @@
 #include HDR_ALGORITHM_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT_DETAIL
 
 namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// char_traits
+	//
+	template<typename Char>
+	class char_traits {
+	private:
+		typedef std::char_traits<Char> impl_type;
+	public:
+		typedef typename impl_type::char_type char_type;
+		typedef typename impl_type::int_type int_type;
+		typedef typename impl_type::off_type off_type;
+		typedef typename impl_type::pos_type pos_type;
+		typedef typename impl_type::state_type state_type;
+	public:
+		static void assign(char_type& c1, char_type const& c2) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+			impl_type::assign(c1, c2);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool eq(char_type c1, char_type c2) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+			return impl_type::eq(c1, c2);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool lt(char_type c1, char_type c2) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+			return impl_type::lt(c1, c2);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int compare(char_type const* s1, char_type const* s2, std::size_t n) {
+			return !n ? 0
+				: lt(*s1, *s2) ? -1
+				: lt(*s2, *s1) ? 1
+				: compare(s1 + 1, s2 + 1, n - 1)
+				;
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::size_t length(char_type const* s) {
+    		return !*s ? 0
+    			: 1 + length(s + 1)
+    			;
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR char_type const* find(char_type const* s, std::size_t n, char_type const& a) {
+			return !n ? nullptr
+				: eq(*s, a) ? s
+				: find(s + 1, n - 1, a)
+				;
+		}
+		static char_type* move(char_type* s1, char_type const* s2, std::size_t n) {
+			return impl_type::move(s1, s2, n);
+		}
+		static char_type* copy(char_type* s1, char_type const* s2, std::size_t n) {
+			return impl_type::copy(s1, s2, n);
+		}
+		static char_type* assign(char_type* s, std::size_t n, char_type a) {
+			return impl_type::assign(s, n, a);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int_type not_eof(int_type c) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+			return impl_type::not_eof(c);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR char_type to_char_type(int_type c) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+			return impl_type::to_char_type(c);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int_type to_int_type(char_type c) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+			return impl_type::to_int_type(c);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool eq_int_type(int_type c1, int_type c2) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+			return impl_type::eq_int_type(c1, c2);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int_type eof() SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+			return impl_type::eof();
+		}
+	};
+
 	//
 	// basic_string
 	//
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits = sprout::char_traits<T> >
 	class basic_string {
 	public:
 		typedef T value_type;
@@ -35,20 +103,41 @@ namespace sprout {
 		typedef T const* const_pointer;
 		typedef sprout::detail::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;
 		typedef sprout::detail::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;
+		typedef Traits traits_type;
 	public:
+		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR size_type npos = -1;
 		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR size_type static_size = N;
 		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR size_type fixed_size = static_size;
 	public:
 		T elems[N + 1];
+		size_type len;
+	private:
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int compare_impl_2(int compared, size_type n1, size_type n2) const {
+			return compared != 0 ? compared
+				: n1 < n2 ? -1
+				: n2 < n1 ? 1
+				: 0
+				;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int compare_impl_1(size_type pos1, size_type n1, char const* s, size_type n2) const {
+			return compare_impl_2(
+				traits_type::compare(c_str() + pos1, s, NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT_DETAIL::min(n1, n2)),
+				n1,
+				n2
+				);
+		}
 	public:
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR size_type size() const SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
-			return N;
+			return len;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR size_type length() const SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+			return size();
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool empty() const SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
-			return N == 0;
+			return size() == 0;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR size_type max_size() const SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
-			return size();
+			return N;
 		}
 		void rangecheck(size_type i) const {
 			if (i >= size()) {
@@ -126,75 +215,213 @@ namespace sprout {
 		pointer c_array() SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
 			return &elems[0];
 		}
-		const_pointer c_str() const SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR const_pointer c_str() const SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
 			return &elems[0];
 		}
-		void assign(const_reference value) {
-			fill(value);
-		}
 		void fill(const_reference value) {
 			std::fill_n(begin(), size(), value);
 		}
-		void swap(basic_string<T, N>& other) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(std::swap(std::declval<T&>(), std::declval<T&>()))) {
+		void swap(basic_string<T, N, Traits>& other) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(std::swap(std::declval<T&>(), std::declval<T&>()))) {
 			std::swap_ranges(other.begin(), other.end(), begin());
 		}
-		template <typename T2>
-		basic_string<T, N>& operator=(basic_string<T2, N> const& rhs) {
+		template<typename T2, typename Traits2>
+		basic_string<T, N, Traits>& operator=(basic_string<T2, N, Traits2> const& rhs) {
 			std::copy(rhs.begin(), rhs.end(), begin());
 			return *this;
 		}
-		template <typename T2>
-		basic_string<T, N>& operator=(basic_string<T2, N>&& rhs) {
+		template<typename T2, typename Traits2>
+		basic_string<T, N, Traits>& operator=(basic_string<T2, N, Traits2>&& rhs) {
 			std::move(rhs.begin(), rhs.end(), begin());
 			return *this;
 		}
+		template<std::size_t N2>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int compare(basic_string<T, N2, Traits> const& str) const {
+			return compare(0, size(), str.c_str(), str.size());
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int compare(T const* s) const {
+			return compare(0, size(), s, traits_type::length(s));
+		}
+		template<std::size_t N2>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, basic_string<T, N2, Traits> const& str) const {
+			return compare(pos1, n1, str, 0, npos);
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, char const* s) const {
+			return compare(pos1, n1, s, traits_type::length(s));
+		}
+		template<std::size_t N2>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, basic_string<T, N2, Traits> const& str, size_type pos2, size_type n2) const {
+			return !(str.size() < pos2)
+				? compare(pos1, n1, str.c_str() + pos2, NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT_DETAIL::min(n2, str.size() - pos2))
+				: throw "basic_string<>: index out of range"
+				;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int compare(size_type pos1, size_type n1, char const* s, size_type n2) const {
+			return !(size() < pos1)
+				? compare_impl_1(pos1, NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT_DETAIL::min(n1, size() - pos1), s, n2)
+				: throw "basic_string<>: index out of range"
+				;
+		}
 	};
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator==(sprout::basic_string<T, N1> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2> const& rhs) {
-		return N1 == N2 && NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT_DETAIL::equal(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), rhs.begin());
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator==(sprout::basic_string<T, N1, Traits> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2, Traits> const& rhs) {
+		return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
 	}
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator!=(sprout::basic_string<T, N1> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2> const& rhs) {
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator==(sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& lhs, T const* rhs) {
+		return lhs.compare(rhs) == 0;
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator==(T const* lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& rhs) {
+		return 0 == rhs.compare(lhs);
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator!=(sprout::basic_string<T, N1, Traits> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2, Traits> const& rhs) {
 		return !(lhs == rhs);
 	}
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator<(sprout::basic_string<T, N1> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2> const& rhs) {
-		return NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT_DETAIL::lexicographical_compare(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), rhs.begin(), rhs.end());
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator!=(sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& lhs, T const* rhs) {
+		return !(lhs == rhs);
 	}
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator>(sprout::basic_string<T, N1> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2> const& rhs) {
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator!=(T const* lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& rhs) {
+		return !(lhs == rhs);
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator<(sprout::basic_string<T, N1, Traits> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2, Traits> const& rhs) {
+		return lhs.compare(rhs) < 0;
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator<(sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& lhs, T const* rhs) {
+		return lhs.compare(rhs) < 0;
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator<(T const* lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& rhs) {
+		return 0 < rhs.compare(lhs);
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator>(sprout::basic_string<T, N1, Traits> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2, Traits> const& rhs) {
 		return rhs < lhs;
 	}
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator<=(sprout::basic_string<T, N1> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2> const& rhs) {
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator>(sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& lhs, T const* rhs) {
+		return rhs < lhs;
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator>(T const* lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& rhs) {
+		return rhs < lhs;
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator<=(sprout::basic_string<T, N1, Traits> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2, Traits> const& rhs) {
 		return !(rhs < lhs);
 	}
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator>=(sprout::basic_string<T, N1> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2> const& rhs) {
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator<=(sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& lhs, T const* rhs) {
+		return !(rhs < lhs);
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator<=(T const* lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& rhs) {
+		return !(rhs < lhs);
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N1, std::size_t N2, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator>=(sprout::basic_string<T, N1, Traits> const& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N2, Traits> const& rhs) {
+		return !(lhs < rhs);
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator>=(sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& lhs, T const* rhs) {
+		return !(lhs < rhs);
+	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline bool operator>=(T const* lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& rhs) {
 		return !(lhs < rhs);
 	}
 
 	//
 	// swap
 	//
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline void swap(sprout::basic_string<T, N>& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N>& rhs) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(lhs.swap(rhs))) {
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	inline void swap(
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>& lhs,
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>& rhs
+		) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(lhs.swap(rhs)))
+	{
 		lhs.swap(rhs);
 	}
 
+	//
+	// resize
+	//
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits, typename... Args>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
+			sizeof...(Args) != N,
+			sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>
+		>::type resize_impl(
+			sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& str,
+			typename sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>::size_type new_size,
+			Args const&... args
+			)
+		{
+			return sprout::detail::resize_impl(str, new_size, args..., sizeof...(Args) < new_size ? str[sizeof...(Args)] : T());
+		}
+		template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits, typename... Args>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
+			sizeof...(Args) == N,
+			sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>
+		>::type resize_impl(
+			sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& str,
+			typename sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>::size_type new_size,
+			Args const&... args
+			)
+		{
+			return sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>{{args...}, new_size};
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> resize(
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& str,
+		typename sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>::size_type new_size
+		)
+	{
+		return new_size <= N ? sprout::detail::resize_impl(str, new_size)
+			: throw "basic_string<>: index out of range"
+			;
+	}
+
 	//
 	// rebind_fixed_size
 	//
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-	struct rebind_fixed_size<sprout::basic_string<T, N> > {
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	struct rebind_fixed_size<sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> > {
 	public:
-		template<typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<sprout::basic_string<T, N> >::size_type S>
+		template<typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> >::size_type S>
 		struct apply {
 			public:
-				typedef sprout::basic_string<T, S> type;
+				typedef sprout::basic_string<T, S, Traits> type;
 		};
 	};
 
+	//
+	// make_clone_functor
+	//
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	struct make_clone_functor<sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> > {
+	private:
+		typedef typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> >::clone_type clone_type;
+	private:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename clone_type::size_type length() {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		template<typename... Tail>
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename clone_type::size_type length(T const& head, Tail const&... tail) {
+			return !head ? 0 : 1 + length(tail...);
+		}
+	public:
+		template<typename... Args>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR clone_type operator()(Args const&... args) const {
+			return clone_type{{args...}, length(args...)};
+		}
+	};
+
 	namespace detail {
 		template<typename T, typename Enable = void>
 		struct is_basic_string_impl {
@@ -208,7 +435,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			typename std::enable_if<
 				std::is_same<
 					T,
-					sprout::basic_string<typename T::value_type, T::static_size>
+					sprout::basic_string<typename T::value_type, T::static_size, typename T::traits_type>
 				>::value
 			>::type
 		> {
@@ -286,13 +513,22 @@ namespace sprout {
 	{};
 
 	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T, std::size_t N, std::ptrdiff_t...Indexes>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline sprout::basic_string<T, N - 1> to_string_impl_1(
+			T const(& arr)[N],
+			sprout::index_tuple<Indexes...>,
+			typename sprout::basic_string<T, N - 1>::size_type len
+			)
+		{
+			return sprout::basic_string<T, N - 1>{{(Indexes < len ? arr[Indexes] : T())...}, len};
+		}
 		template<typename T, std::size_t N, std::ptrdiff_t...Indexes>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline sprout::basic_string<T, N - 1> to_string_impl(
 			T const(& arr)[N],
 			sprout::index_tuple<Indexes...>
 			)
 		{
-			return sprout::basic_string<T, N - 1>{{arr[Indexes]...}};
+			return to_string_impl_1(arr, sprout::index_tuple<Indexes...>(), sprout::char_traits<T>::length(arr));
 		}
 	}	// namespace detail
 	//
@@ -303,60 +539,105 @@ namespace sprout {
 		return sprout::detail::to_string_impl(arr, typename sprout::index_range<0, N - 1>::type());
 	}
 
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_back<sprout::basic_string<T, N>, T>::type operator+(
-		sprout::basic_string<T, N> const& lhs,
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_back<sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>, T>::type operator+(
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& lhs,
 		T const& rhs
 		)
 	{
 		return sprout::fixed::push_back(lhs, rhs);
 	}
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_front<sprout::basic_string<T, N>, T>::type operator+(
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_front<sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>, T>::type operator+(
 		T const& lhs,
-		sprout::basic_string<T, N> const& rhs
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& rhs
 		)
 	{
 		return sprout::fixed::push_front(rhs, lhs);
 	}
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N, std::size_t N2>
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits, std::size_t N2>
 	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::join_back<
-			sprout::basic_string<T, N>,
-			sprout::basic_string<T, N2 - 1>
+			sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>,
+			sprout::basic_string<T, N2 - 1, Traits>
 	>::type operator+(
-		sprout::basic_string<T, N> const& lhs,
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& lhs,
 		T const (& rhs)[N2]
 		)
 	{
 		return sprout::fixed::join_back(lhs, sprout::to_string(rhs));
 	}
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N, std::size_t N2>
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits, std::size_t N2>
 	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::join_front<
-		sprout::basic_string<T, N>,
-		sprout::basic_string<T, N2 - 1>
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>,
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N2 - 1, Traits>
 	>::type operator+(
 		T const (& lhs)[N2],
-		sprout::basic_string<T, N> const& rhs
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& rhs
 		)
 	{
 		return sprout::fixed::join_front(rhs, sprout::to_string(lhs));
 	}
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N, std::size_t N2>
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits, std::size_t N2>
 	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::join_back<
-		sprout::basic_string<T, N>,
-		sprout::basic_string<T, N2>
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>,
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N2, Traits>
 	>::type operator+(
-		sprout::basic_string<T, N> const& lhs,
-		sprout::basic_string<T, N2> const& rhs
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& lhs,
+		sprout::basic_string<T, N2, Traits> const& rhs
 		)
 	{
 		return sprout::fixed::join_back(lhs, rhs);
 	}
 
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
-	inline std::basic_ostream<T, Traits>& operator<<(std::basic_ostream<T, Traits>& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N> const& rhs) {
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits, typename StreamTraits>
+	inline std::basic_ostream<T, StreamTraits>& operator<<(std::basic_ostream<T, StreamTraits>& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& rhs) {
 		return lhs << rhs.c_str();
 	}
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits, typename StreamTraits>
+	inline std::basic_istream<T, StreamTraits>& operator>>(std::basic_istream<T, StreamTraits>& lhs, sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>& rhs) {
+		typedef T elem_type;
+		typedef StreamTraits traits_type;
+		typedef std::basic_istream<T, StreamTraits> istream_type;
+		typedef sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> string_type;
+		typedef std::ctype<elem_type> ctype_type;
+		typedef typename string_type::size_type size_type;
+		std::ios_base::iostate state = std::ios_base::goodbit;
+		bool changed = false;
+		size_type current = 0;
+		if (typename istream_type::sentry(lhs)) {
+			ctype_type const& ctype_fac = std::use_facet<ctype_type>(lhs.getloc());
+			try {
+				size_type remain = 0 < lhs.width() && static_cast<size_type>(lhs.width()) < rhs.max_size()
+					? static_cast<size_type>(lhs.width())
+					: rhs.max_size()
+					;
+				typename traits_type::int_type meta = lhs.rdbuf()->sgetc();
+				for (; remain; --remain, meta = lhs.rdbuf()->snextc())
+					if (traits_type::eq_int_type(traits_type::eof(), meta)) {
+						state |= std::ios_base::eofbit;
+						break;
+					} else if (ctype_fac.is(ctype_type::space, traits_type::to_char_type(meta))) {
+						break;
+					} else {
+						rhs[current] = traits_type::to_char_type(meta);
+						changed = true;
+						++current;
+					}
+			} catch (...) {
+				state |= std::ios_base::badbit;
+			}
+		}
+		lhs.width(0);
+		if (!changed) {
+			state |= std::ios_base::failbit;
+		}
+		lhs.setstate(state);
+		rhs.len = current;
+		for (; current != rhs.max_size(); ++current) {
+			rhs[current] = T();
+		}
+		return lhs;
+	}
 
 #if 0
 	//
@@ -419,8 +700,8 @@ namespace std {
 	//
 	// tuple_size
 	//
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-	struct tuple_size<sprout::basic_string<T, N> > {
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	struct tuple_size<sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> > {
 	public:
 		typedef std::integral_constant<std::size_t, N> type;
 		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR std::size_t value = type::value;
@@ -429,8 +710,8 @@ namespace std {
 	//
 	// tuple_element
 	//
-	template<std::size_t I, typename T, std::size_t N>
-	struct tuple_element<I, sprout::basic_string<T, N> > {
+	template<std::size_t I, typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	struct tuple_element<I, sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> > {
 	public:
 		static_assert(I < N, "tuple_element<>: index out of range");
 		typedef T type;
@@ -439,20 +720,21 @@ namespace std {
 	//
 	// get
 	//
-	template<std::size_t I, typename T, std::size_t N>
-	T& get(sprout::basic_string<T, N>& arr) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+	template<std::size_t I, typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	T& get(sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>& arr) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
 		static_assert(I < N, "tuple_element<>: index out of range");
 		return arr[I];
 	}
-	template<std::size_t I, typename T, std::size_t N>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T const& get(sprout::basic_string<T, N> const& arr) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+	template<std::size_t I, typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T const& get(sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> const& arr) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
 		static_assert(I < N, "tuple_element<>: index out of range");
 		return arr[I];
 	}
-	template<std::size_t I, typename T, std::size_t N>
-	T&& get(sprout::basic_string<T, N>&& arr) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+	template<std::size_t I, typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	T&& get(sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits>&& arr) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
 		return std::move(get<I>(arr));
 	}
 }	// namespace std
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_STRING_HPP
+