diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges.hpp
index 3a449dd6..0394b2bd 100644
--- a/sprout/compost/ranges.hpp
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges.hpp
@@ -2,7 +2,20 @@
 #define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
-#include <sprout/compost/ranges/jointed.hpp>
 #include <sprout/compost/ranges/copied.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/piped.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/taken.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/taken_end.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/dropped.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/dropped_end.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/window.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/offset.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_taken.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_taken_end.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_dropped.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_dropped_end.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_window.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_offset.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/ranges/jointed.hpp>
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_dropped.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_dropped.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4477f528
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_dropped.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_DROPPED_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_DROPPED_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/adapted_dropped.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// adapted_dropped
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::adapted_dropped;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::adapted_dropped;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_DROPPED_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_dropped_end.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_dropped_end.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01b25670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_dropped_end.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_DROPPED_END_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_DROPPED_END_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/adapted_dropped_end.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// adapted_dropped_end
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::adapted_dropped_end;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::adapted_dropped_end;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_DROPPED_END_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_offset.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_offset.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..29bc820e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_offset.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_OFFSET_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_OFFSET_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/adapted_offset.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// adapted_offset
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::adapted_offset;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::adapted_offset;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_OFFSET_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_taken.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_taken.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8154220b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_taken.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_TAKEN_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_TAKEN_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/adapted_taken.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// adapted_taken
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::adapted_taken;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::adapted_taken;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_TAKEN_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_taken_end.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_taken_end.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0f11be16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_taken_end.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_TAKEN_END_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_TAKEN_END_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/adapted_taken_end.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// adapted_taken_end
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::adapted_taken_end;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::adapted_taken_end;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_TAKEN_END_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_window.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_window.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00706eaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/adapted_window.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_WINDOW_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_WINDOW_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/adapted_window.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// adapted_window
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::adapted_window;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::adapted_window;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_ADAPTED_WINDOW_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/dropped.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/dropped.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22ebee58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/dropped.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_DROPPED_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_DROPPED_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/dropped.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// dropped
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::dropped;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::dropped;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_DROPPED_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/dropped_end.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/dropped_end.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..581f3f8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/dropped_end.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_DROPPED_END_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_DROPPED_END_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/dropped_end.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// dropped_end
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::dropped_end;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::dropped_end;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_DROPPED_END_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/offset.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/offset.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d16eff3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/offset.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_OFFSET_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_OFFSET_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/offset.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// offset
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::offset;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::offset;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_OFFSET_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/piped.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/piped.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f9dbdb17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/piped.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_PIPED_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_PIPED_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/piped.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// piped
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::piped;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::piped;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_PIPED_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/taken.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/taken.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e5dbc2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/taken.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_TAKEN_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_TAKEN_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/taken.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// taken
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::taken;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::taken;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_TAKEN_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/taken_end.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/taken_end.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a913705d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/taken_end.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_TAKEN_END_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_TAKEN_END_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/taken_end.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// taken_end
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::taken_end;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::taken_end;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_TAKEN_END_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/ranges/window.hpp b/sprout/compost/ranges/window.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0265354b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/ranges/window.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_WINDOW_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_WINDOW_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/window.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace ranges {
+			//
+			// window
+			//
+			using sprout::adaptors::window;
+		}	// namespace ranges
+
+		using sprout::compost::ranges::window;
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_RANGES_WINDOW_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/sources/source.hpp b/sprout/compost/sources/source.hpp
index 5a8c0aeb..3211d504 100644
--- a/sprout/compost/sources/source.hpp
+++ b/sprout/compost/sources/source.hpp
@@ -52,7 +52,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 				template<typename... Elems>
 				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sound_type(info_type const& info, Elems const&... elems)
 					: elements_{{
-						(static_cast<typename std::make_signed<Elems>::type>(elems) / static_cast<value_type>(32768.0))...
+						(info.bits_per_sample == 8 ? elems / static_cast<value_type>(0x80) - 1
+							: elems / static_cast<value_type>(0x8000)
+							)...
 						}}
 				{
 					static_assert(sizeof...(Elems) == static_size, "sound_type<>: unmatch source size");
diff --git a/sprout/range/adaptor/clamped.hpp b/sprout/range/adaptor/clamped.hpp
index 90023aad..31699e18 100644
--- a/sprout/range/adaptor/clamped.hpp
+++ b/sprout/range/adaptor/clamped.hpp
@@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ namespace sprout {
 					iterator(sprout::end(range), low, up, comp)
 					)
 			{}
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR compare_type const& compare() const {
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR compare_type compare() const {
 				return base_type::begin().compare();
 			}
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type const& lower() const {
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type lower() const {
 				return base_type::begin().lower();
 			}
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type const& upper() const {
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type upper() const {
 				return base_type::begin().upper();
 			}
 		};
diff --git a/sprout/range/adaptor/piped.hpp b/sprout/range/adaptor/piped.hpp
index 2844bbff..86c639ef 100644
--- a/sprout/range/adaptor/piped.hpp
+++ b/sprout/range/adaptor/piped.hpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_PIPED_HPP
 
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/index_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
@@ -88,9 +89,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			template<typename Range>
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR auto
 			apply(Range&& range) const
-			-> decltype(sprout::adaptors::detail::apply_adaptors_tuple(sprout::forward<Range>(range), adaptors_))
+			-> decltype(sprout::adaptors::detail::apply_adaptors_tuple(sprout::forward<Range>(range), std::declval<pipe_holder const&>().adaptors()))
 			{
-				return sprout::adaptors::detail::apply_adaptors_tuple(sprout::forward<Range>(range), adaptors_);
+				return sprout::adaptors::detail::apply_adaptors_tuple(sprout::forward<Range>(range), adaptors());
 			}
 		};
 
diff --git a/sprout/range/adaptor/replaced.hpp b/sprout/range/adaptor/replaced.hpp
index e847c3bb..d3fee314 100644
--- a/sprout/range/adaptor/replaced.hpp
+++ b/sprout/range/adaptor/replaced.hpp
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					: old_(old_value)
 					, new_(new_value)
 				{}
-				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T const& operator()(T const& value) const {
+				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T operator()(T const& value) const {
 					return (value == old_) ? new_ : value;
 				}
 			};
@@ -84,10 +84,10 @@ namespace sprout {
 				: old_(old_value)
 				, new_(new_value)
 			{}
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type old_value() const {
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type const& old_value() const {
 				return old_;
 			}
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type new_value() const {
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type const& new_value() const {
 				return new_;
 			}
 		};
diff --git a/sprout/range/adaptor/replaced_if.hpp b/sprout/range/adaptor/replaced_if.hpp
index 38901f6a..f59e08cd 100644
--- a/sprout/range/adaptor/replaced_if.hpp
+++ b/sprout/range/adaptor/replaced_if.hpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					: pred_(pred)
 					, new_(new_value)
 				{}
-				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T const& operator()(T const& value) const {
+				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T operator()(T const& value) const {
 					return pred_(value) ? new_ : value;
 				}
 			};
@@ -86,10 +86,10 @@ namespace sprout {
 				: pred_(pred)
 				, new_(new_value)
 			{}
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR predicate_type predicate() const {
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR predicate_type const& predicate() const {
 				return pred_;
 			}
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type new_value() const {
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type const& new_value() const {
 				return new_;
 			}
 		};