From 062058e6147a97c3cf7263d3989b1194361716cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: bolero-MURAKAMI <bolero.murakami@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 17 Aug 2014 22:07:12 +0900
Subject: [PATCH] add types::apply, types::quote

---
 sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp             |  4 +-
 sprout/tuple/traits.hpp                     |  4 +-
 sprout/type.hpp                             |  2 +
 sprout/type/algorithm.hpp                   |  1 +
 sprout/type/algorithm/contains.hpp          |  6 +-
 sprout/type/algorithm/contains_if.hpp       | 37 ++++++++++++
 sprout/type/algorithm/find_index.hpp        | 32 ++++++++---
 sprout/type/algorithm/find_index_if.hpp     | 33 ++++++++---
 sprout/type/algorithm/fold.hpp              |  3 +-
 sprout/type/algorithm/lower_bound_index.hpp |  5 +-
 sprout/type/algorithm/partial_sum.hpp       | 13 ++---
 sprout/type/algorithm/transform.hpp         | 18 +++---
 sprout/type/algorithm/upper_bound_index.hpp |  5 +-
 sprout/type/apply.hpp                       | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++
 sprout/type/joint_types.hpp                 | 40 +++++--------
 sprout/type/operation/append_front.hpp      |  3 +-
 sprout/type/operation/assign.hpp            |  3 +-
 sprout/type/operation/pop_back.hpp          |  6 +-
 sprout/type/operation/pop_front.hpp         |  6 +-
 sprout/type/operation/push_front.hpp        |  3 +-
 sprout/type/operation/rebind.hpp            |  3 +-
 sprout/type/operation/tuple_cat.hpp         | 16 +++---
 sprout/type/quote.hpp                       | 34 +++++++++++
 sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp                | 34 ++++-------
 sprout/type/seq/algorithm/find_if.hpp       |  5 +-
 sprout/variant/variant.hpp                  |  5 +-
 26 files changed, 265 insertions(+), 120 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 sprout/type/algorithm/contains_if.hpp
 create mode 100644 sprout/type/apply.hpp
 create mode 100644 sprout/type/quote.hpp

diff --git a/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp b/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp
index 67320110..d167de14 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <sprout/tuple/tuple/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/tuple/tuple/get.hpp>
 #include <sprout/tuple/tuple/make_tuple.hpp>
-#include <sprout/type/algorithm/find_index_if.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/algorithm/contains_if.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/algorithm/lower_bound_index.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/type_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/integral_array.hpp>
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		struct is_variadic_bounds
 			: public sprout::integral_constant<
 				bool,
-				(sprout::types::find_index_if<Bounds, sprout::detail::is_variadic_placeholder_pred>::value != sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Bounds>::value)
+				sprout::types::contains_if<Bounds, sprout::detail::is_variadic_placeholder_pred>::value
 			>
 		{};
 
diff --git a/sprout/tuple/traits.hpp b/sprout/tuple/traits.hpp
index 50e0b464..b01dd79a 100644
--- a/sprout/tuple/traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/tuple/traits.hpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include <sprout/index_tuple/metafunction.hpp>
 #include <sprout/tuple/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/tuple/indexes.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
 
@@ -36,7 +37,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 			struct default_copied;
 			template<typename Tuple, sprout::index_t... Indexes>
 			struct default_copied<Tuple, sprout::index_tuple<Indexes...> >
-				: public sprout::tuples::rebind_types<Tuple>::template apply<
+				: public sprout::types::apply<
+					sprout::tuples::rebind_types<Tuple>,
 					typename std::decay<
 						typename sprout::tuples::tuple_element<Indexes, Tuple>::type
 					>::type...
diff --git a/sprout/type.hpp b/sprout/type.hpp
index 5c0e0b02..f95eca7e 100644
--- a/sprout/type.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #define SPROUT_TYPE_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/quote.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/type_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/integral_array.hpp>
diff --git a/sprout/type/algorithm.hpp b/sprout/type/algorithm.hpp
index 57d9b699..c18f8d3e 100644
--- a/sprout/type/algorithm.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/algorithm.hpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include <sprout/type/algorithm/fold.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/algorithm/transform.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/algorithm/contains.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/algorithm/contains_if.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/algorithm/accumulate.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/algorithm/partial_sum.hpp>
 
diff --git a/sprout/type/algorithm/contains.hpp b/sprout/type/algorithm/contains.hpp
index 768190a8..80516507 100644
--- a/sprout/type/algorithm/contains.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/algorithm/contains.hpp
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/algorithm/find_index.hpp>
-#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace types {
@@ -20,10 +19,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		//
 		template<typename Tuple, typename T>
 		struct contains
-			: public sprout::integral_constant<
-				bool,
-				sprout::types::find_index<Tuple, T>::value != sprout::types::tuple_size<Tuple>::value
-			>
+			: public sprout::types::find_index<Tuple, T>::found
 		{};
 
 #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
diff --git a/sprout/type/algorithm/contains_if.hpp b/sprout/type/algorithm/contains_if.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85ebbd62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/type/algorithm/contains_if.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_TYPE_ALGORITHM_CONTAINTS_IF_HPP
+#define SPROUT_TYPE_ALGORITHM_CONTAINTS_IF_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/algorithm/find_index_if.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace types {
+		//
+		// contains_if
+		//
+		template<typename Tuple, typename Predicate>
+		struct contains_if
+			: public sprout::types::find_index_if<Tuple, Predicate>::found
+		{};
+
+#if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+		template<typename Tuple, typename Predicate>
+		using contains_if_t = typename sprout::types::contains_if<Tuple, Predicate>::type;
+#endif	// #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+#if SPROUT_USE_VARIABLE_TEMPLATES
+		template<typename Tuple, typename Predicate>
+		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR bool contains_if_v = sprout::types::contains_if<Tuple, Predicate>::value;
+#endif	// #if SPROUT_USE_VARIABLE_TEMPLATES
+	}	// namespace types
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_TYPE_ALGORITHM_CONTAINTS_IF_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/type/algorithm/find_index.hpp b/sprout/type/algorithm/find_index.hpp
index 73844a54..537c87c4 100644
--- a/sprout/type/algorithm/find_index.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/algorithm/find_index.hpp
@@ -17,24 +17,40 @@
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace types {
 		namespace detail {
-			template<typename Tuple, typename T, std::size_t I, typename = void>
+			template<
+				typename Tuple, typename T, std::size_t I,
+				bool Valid = (I != sprout::types::tuple_size<Tuple>::value),
+				typename Enable = void
+			>
 			struct find_index_impl;
 			template<typename Tuple, typename T, std::size_t I>
 			struct find_index_impl<
-				Tuple, T, I,
+				Tuple, T, I, false,
+				void
+			>
+				: public sprout::integral_constant<std::size_t, I>
+			{
+			public:
+				typedef sprout::false_type found;
+			};
+			template<typename Tuple, typename T, std::size_t I>
+			struct find_index_impl<
+				Tuple, T, I, true,
 				typename std::enable_if<
-					I == sprout::types::tuple_size<Tuple>::value
-					|| std::is_same<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type, T>::value
+					std::is_same<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type, T>::value
 				>::type
 			>
 				: public sprout::integral_constant<std::size_t, I>
-			{};
+			{
+			public:
+				typedef sprout::true_type found;
+				typedef typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type element;
+			};
 			template<typename Tuple, typename T, std::size_t I>
 			struct find_index_impl<
-				Tuple, T, I,
+				Tuple, T, I, true,
 				typename std::enable_if<
-					I != sprout::types::tuple_size<Tuple>::value
-					&& !std::is_same<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type, T>::value
+					!std::is_same<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type, T>::value
 				>::type
 			>
 				: public sprout::types::detail::find_index_impl<Tuple, T, I + 1>
diff --git a/sprout/type/algorithm/find_index_if.hpp b/sprout/type/algorithm/find_index_if.hpp
index bea9cf64..46f7e2c5 100644
--- a/sprout/type/algorithm/find_index_if.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/algorithm/find_index_if.hpp
@@ -11,30 +11,47 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace types {
 		namespace detail {
-			template<typename Tuple, typename Predicate, std::size_t I, typename = void>
+			template<
+				typename Tuple, typename Predicate, std::size_t I,
+				bool Valid = (I != sprout::types::tuple_size<Tuple>::value),
+				typename Enable = void
+			>
 			struct find_index_if_impl;
 			template<typename Tuple, typename Predicate, std::size_t I>
 			struct find_index_if_impl<
-				Tuple, Predicate, I,
+				Tuple, Predicate, I, false,
+				void
+			>
+				: public sprout::integral_constant<std::size_t, I>
+			{
+			public:
+				typedef sprout::false_type found;
+			};
+			template<typename Tuple, typename Predicate, std::size_t I>
+			struct find_index_if_impl<
+				Tuple, Predicate, I, true,
 				typename std::enable_if<
-					I == sprout::types::tuple_size<Tuple>::value
-					|| Predicate::template apply<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type>::type::value
+					sprout::types::apply<Predicate, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type>::type::value
 				>::type
 			>
 				: public sprout::integral_constant<std::size_t, I>
-			{};
+			{
+			public:
+				typedef sprout::true_type found;
+				typedef typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type element;
+			};
 			template<typename Tuple, typename Predicate, std::size_t I>
 			struct find_index_if_impl<
-				Tuple, Predicate, I,
+				Tuple, Predicate, I, true,
 				typename std::enable_if<
-					I != sprout::types::tuple_size<Tuple>::value
-					&& !Predicate::template apply<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type>::type::value
+					!sprout::types::apply<Predicate, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type>::type::value
 				>::type
 			>
 				: public sprout::types::detail::find_index_if_impl<Tuple, Predicate, I + 1>
diff --git a/sprout/type/algorithm/fold.hpp b/sprout/type/algorithm/fold.hpp
index 0d1e8f02..380df5a2 100644
--- a/sprout/type/algorithm/fold.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/algorithm/fold.hpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
 
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			struct fold_impl<Tuple, T, BinaryOp, I, false>
 				: public sprout::types::detail::fold_impl<
 					Tuple,
-					typename BinaryOp::template apply<T, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type>::type,
+					typename sprout::types::apply<BinaryOp, T, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type>::type,
 					BinaryOp,
 					I + 1
 				>
diff --git a/sprout/type/algorithm/lower_bound_index.hpp b/sprout/type/algorithm/lower_bound_index.hpp
index 2ffbc980..588f0f48 100644
--- a/sprout/type/algorithm/lower_bound_index.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/algorithm/lower_bound_index.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/functional/less.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>
 				: public sprout::integral_constant<
 					std::size_t,
-					Compare::template apply<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<First, Tuple>::type, T>::type::value ? Last : First
+					sprout::types::apply<Compare, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<First, Tuple>::type, T>::type::value ? Last : First
 				>
 			{};
 			template<
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>
 			struct lower_bound_index_impl
 				: public std::conditional<
-					Compare::template apply<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<First + Distance / 2, Tuple>::type, T>::type::value,
+					sprout::types::apply<Compare, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<First + Distance / 2, Tuple>::type, T>::type::value,
 					sprout::types::detail::lower_bound_index_impl<Tuple, T, Compare, First + Distance / 2, Last>,
 					sprout::types::detail::lower_bound_index_impl<Tuple, T, Compare, First, First + Distance / 2>
 				>::type
diff --git a/sprout/type/algorithm/partial_sum.hpp b/sprout/type/algorithm/partial_sum.hpp
index 16e39c87..b8928b24 100644
--- a/sprout/type/algorithm/partial_sum.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/algorithm/partial_sum.hpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/functional/plus.hpp>
@@ -23,17 +24,13 @@ namespace sprout {
 			struct partial_sum_impl
 				: public sprout::types::detail::partial_sum_impl<
 					Tuple, BinaryOp, I + 1, N - 1,
-					typename BinaryOp::template apply<T, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type>::type,
+					typename sprout::types::apply<BinaryOp, T, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<I, Tuple>::type>::type,
 					Types..., T
 				>
 			{};
 			template<typename Tuple, typename BinaryOp, std::size_t I, typename T, typename... Types>
 			struct partial_sum_impl<Tuple, BinaryOp, I, 0, T, Types...>
-				: public sprout::types::rebind_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<
-					Types..., T
-				>
+				: public sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>, Types..., T>
 			{};
 
 			template<typename Tuple, typename BinaryOp, std::size_t N>
@@ -42,9 +39,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			{};
 			template<typename Tuple, typename BinaryOp>
 			struct partial_sum<Tuple, BinaryOp, 0>
-				: public sprout::types::rebind_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<>
+				: public sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple> >
 			{};
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
diff --git a/sprout/type/algorithm/transform.hpp b/sprout/type/algorithm/transform.hpp
index a91a8434..37d8c611 100644
--- a/sprout/type/algorithm/transform.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/algorithm/transform.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/index_tuple/index_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/tuple/indexes.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp>
 
@@ -21,12 +22,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			struct transform_impl;
 			template<typename Tuple, typename UnaryOp, sprout::index_t... Indexes>
 			struct transform_impl<Tuple, UnaryOp, sprout::index_tuple<Indexes...> >
-				: public sprout::types::rebind_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<
-					typename UnaryOp::template apply<
-						typename sprout::types::tuple_element<Indexes, Tuple>::type
-					>::type...
+				: public sprout::types::apply<
+					sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>,
+					typename sprout::types::apply<UnaryOp, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<Indexes, Tuple>::type>::type...
 				>
 			{};
 
@@ -34,10 +32,10 @@ namespace sprout {
 			struct transform2_impl;
 			template<typename Tuple1, typename Tuple2, typename BinaryOp, sprout::index_t... Indexes>
 			struct transform2_impl<Tuple1, Tuple2, BinaryOp, sprout::index_tuple<Indexes...> >
-				: public sprout::types::rebind_types<
-					Tuple1
-				>::template apply<
-					typename BinaryOp::template apply<
+				: public sprout::types::apply<
+					sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple1>,
+					typename sprout::types::apply<
+						BinaryOp,
 						typename sprout::types::tuple_element<Indexes, Tuple1>::type,
 						typename sprout::types::tuple_element<Indexes, Tuple2>::type
 					>::type...
diff --git a/sprout/type/algorithm/upper_bound_index.hpp b/sprout/type/algorithm/upper_bound_index.hpp
index 90d39e95..21374bca 100644
--- a/sprout/type/algorithm/upper_bound_index.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/algorithm/upper_bound_index.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/functional/less.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>
 				: public sprout::integral_constant<
 					std::size_t,
-					!Compare::template apply<T, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<First, Tuple>::type>::type::value ? Last : First
+					!sprout::types::apply<Compare, T, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<First, Tuple>::type>::type::value ? Last : First
 				>
 			{};
 			template<
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>
 			struct upper_bound_index_impl
 				: public std::conditional<
-					!Compare::template apply<T, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<First + Distance / 2, Tuple>::type>::type::value,
+					!sprout::types::apply<Compare, T, typename sprout::types::tuple_element<First + Distance / 2, Tuple>::type>::type::value,
 					sprout::types::detail::upper_bound_index_impl<Tuple, T, Compare, First + Distance / 2, Last>,
 					sprout::types::detail::upper_bound_index_impl<Tuple, T, Compare, First, First + Distance / 2>
 				>::type
diff --git a/sprout/type/apply.hpp b/sprout/type/apply.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70ade3f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/type/apply.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_TYPE_APPLY_HPP
+#define SPROUT_TYPE_APPLY_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/quote.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace types {
+		//
+		// apply
+		//
+#if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+		template<typename F, typename... Types>
+		using apply = typename F::template apply<Types...>;
+#else	// #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+		template<typename F, typename... Types>
+		struct apply
+			: public F::template apply<Types...>
+		{};
+#endif	// #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+#if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+		template<typename F, typename... Types>
+		using apply_t = typename sprout::types::apply<F, Types...>::type;
+#endif	// #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+#if SPROUT_USE_VARIABLE_TEMPLATES
+		template<typename F, typename... Types>
+		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR decltype(sprout::types::apply<F, Types...>::value) apply_v = sprout::types::apply<F, Types...>::value;
+#endif	// #if SPROUT_USE_VARIABLE_TEMPLATES
+
+		//
+		// apply_q
+		//
+#if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+		template<template<typename...> class F, typename... Types>
+		using apply_q = sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::quote<F>, Types...>;
+#else	// #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+		template<template<typename...> class F, typename... Types>
+		struct apply_q
+			: public sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::quote<F>, Types...>
+		{};
+#endif	// #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+#if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+		template<template<typename...> class F, typename... Types>
+		using apply_q_t = typename sprout::types::apply_q<F, Types...>::type;
+#endif	// #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+
+#if SPROUT_USE_VARIABLE_TEMPLATES
+		template<template<typename...> class F, typename... Types>
+		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR decltype(sprout::types::apply_q<F, Types...>::value) apply_q_v = sprout::types::apply_q<F, Types...>::value;
+#endif	// #if SPROUT_USE_VARIABLE_TEMPLATES
+	}	// namespace types
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_TYPE_APPLY_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/type/joint_types.hpp b/sprout/type/joint_types.hpp
index de2bfb50..31fbe256 100644
--- a/sprout/type/joint_types.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/joint_types.hpp
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
 #include <sprout/index_tuple/index_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/tuple/indexes.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp>
 
@@ -26,9 +27,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 				struct apply_impl;
 				template<sprout::index_t... Indexes1, sprout::index_t... Indexes2>
 				struct apply_impl<sprout::index_tuple<Indexes1...>, sprout::index_tuple<Indexes2...> >
-					: public sprout::types::rebind_types<
-						Tuple
-					>::template apply<
+					: public sprout::types::apply<
+						sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>,
 						typename sprout::types::tuple_element<Indexes1, Tuple>::type...,
 						typename sprout::types::tuple_element<Indexes2, Tup>::type...
 					>
@@ -243,42 +243,28 @@ namespace sprout {
 		struct joint_types<Tuple const> {
 		public:
 			template<typename Tup>
-			struct apply {
-			public:
-				typedef typename sprout::types::joint_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<
-					Tup
-				>::type const type;
-			};
+			struct apply
+				: public sprout::identity<typename sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::joint_types<Tuple>, Tup>::type const>
+			{};
 		};
 
 		template<typename Tuple>
 		struct joint_types<Tuple volatile> {
 		public:
 			template<typename Tup>
-			struct apply {
-			public:
-				typedef typename sprout::types::joint_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<
-					Tup
-				>::type volatile type;
-			};
+			struct apply
+				: public sprout::identity<typename sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::joint_types<Tuple>, Tup>::type volatile>
+			{};
 		};
 
 		template<typename Tuple>
 		struct joint_types<Tuple const volatile> {
 		public:
 			template<typename Tup>
-			struct apply {
-			public:
-				typedef typename sprout::types::joint_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<
-					Tup
-				>::type const volatile type;
-			};
+			struct apply
+				: public sprout::identity<typename sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::joint_types<Tuple>, Tup>::type const volatile>
+			{};
+
 		};
 	}	// namespace types
 
diff --git a/sprout/type/operation/append_front.hpp b/sprout/type/operation/append_front.hpp
index 13402105..512533ca 100644
--- a/sprout/type/operation/append_front.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/operation/append_front.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #define SPROUT_TYPE_OPERATION_APPEND_FRONT_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/operation/tuple_cat.hpp>
 
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		template<typename Tuple, typename... InputTuples>
 		struct append_front
 			: public sprout::types::tuple_cat<
-				typename sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>::template apply<>::type,
+				typename sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple> >::type,
 				InputTuples..., Tuple
 			>
 		{};
diff --git a/sprout/type/operation/assign.hpp b/sprout/type/operation/assign.hpp
index 0b1cfa81..1a832262 100644
--- a/sprout/type/operation/assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/operation/assign.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #define SPROUT_TYPE_OPERATION_ASSIGN_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/operation/tuple_cat.hpp>
 
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		template<typename Tuple, typename InputTuple>
 		struct assign
 			: public sprout::types::tuple_cat<
-				typename sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>::template apply<>::type,
+				typename sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple> >::type,
 				InputTuple
 			>
 		{};
diff --git a/sprout/type/operation/pop_back.hpp b/sprout/type/operation/pop_back.hpp
index b930016b..fe3ea419 100644
--- a/sprout/type/operation/pop_back.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/operation/pop_back.hpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/index_tuple/metafunction.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp>
 
@@ -25,9 +26,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 			struct apply_impl;
 			template<sprout::index_t... Indexes>
 			struct apply_impl<sprout::index_tuple<Indexes...> >
-				: public sprout::types::rebind_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<
+				: public sprout::types::apply<
+					sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>,
 					typename sprout::types::tuple_element<Indexes, Tuple>::type...
 				>
 			{};
diff --git a/sprout/type/operation/pop_front.hpp b/sprout/type/operation/pop_front.hpp
index e92de1fb..ccfd418f 100644
--- a/sprout/type/operation/pop_front.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/operation/pop_front.hpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/index_tuple/metafunction.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp>
 
@@ -25,9 +26,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 			struct apply_impl;
 			template<sprout::index_t... Indexes>
 			struct apply_impl<sprout::index_tuple<Indexes...> >
-				: public sprout::types::rebind_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<
+				: public sprout::types::apply<
+					sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>,
 					typename sprout::types::tuple_element<Indexes, Tuple>::type...
 				>
 			{};
diff --git a/sprout/type/operation/push_front.hpp b/sprout/type/operation/push_front.hpp
index 2a8447ea..e100247c 100644
--- a/sprout/type/operation/push_front.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/operation/push_front.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #define SPROUT_TYPE_OPERATION_PUSH_FRONT_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/type_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/operation/tuple_cat.hpp>
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		template<typename Tuple, typename... Ts>
 		struct push_front
 			: public sprout::types::tuple_cat<
-				typename sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>::template apply<>::type,
+				typename sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple> >::type,
 				sprout::types::type_tuple<Ts...>, Tuple
 			>
 		{};
diff --git a/sprout/type/operation/rebind.hpp b/sprout/type/operation/rebind.hpp
index 4cbd89ce..80d4318b 100644
--- a/sprout/type/operation/rebind.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/operation/rebind.hpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #define SPROUT_TYPE_OPERATION_REBIND_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -18,7 +19,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		//
 		template<typename Tuple, typename... Ts>
 		struct rebind
-			: public sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>::template apply<Ts...>
+			: public sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>, Ts...>
 		{};
 
 #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
diff --git a/sprout/type/operation/tuple_cat.hpp b/sprout/type/operation/tuple_cat.hpp
index 064c4d82..962698d1 100644
--- a/sprout/type/operation/tuple_cat.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/operation/tuple_cat.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
 #include <sprout/index_tuple.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/joint_types.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/type_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
@@ -28,13 +29,14 @@ namespace sprout {
 			struct tuple_cat_impl;
 			template<typename Tuples, sprout::index_t... LIndexes, sprout::index_t... RIndexes>
 			struct tuple_cat_impl<Tuples, sprout::index_tuple<LIndexes...>, sprout::index_tuple<RIndexes...> >
-				: public sprout::types::joint_types<
-					typename sprout::types::detail::tuple_cat_impl<
-						sprout::types::type_tuple<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<LIndexes, Tuples>::type...>,
-						typename sprout::index_range<0, sizeof...(LIndexes) / 2>::type,
-						typename sprout::index_range<sizeof...(LIndexes) / 2, sizeof...(LIndexes)>::type
-					>::type
-				>::template apply<
+				: public sprout::types::apply<
+					sprout::types::joint_types<
+						typename sprout::types::detail::tuple_cat_impl<
+							sprout::types::type_tuple<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<LIndexes, Tuples>::type...>,
+							typename sprout::index_range<0, sizeof...(LIndexes) / 2>::type,
+							typename sprout::index_range<sizeof...(LIndexes) / 2, sizeof...(LIndexes)>::type
+						>::type
+					>,
 					typename sprout::types::detail::tuple_cat_impl<
 						sprout::types::type_tuple<typename sprout::types::tuple_element<RIndexes, Tuples>::type...>,
 						typename sprout::index_range<0, sizeof...(RIndexes) / 2>::type,
diff --git a/sprout/type/quote.hpp b/sprout/type/quote.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5493dab4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/type/quote.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_TYPE_QUOTE_HPP
+#define SPROUT_TYPE_QUOTE_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace types {
+		//
+		// quote
+		//
+		template<template<typename...> class F>
+		struct quote {
+		public:
+#if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+			template<typename... Types>
+			using apply = F<Types...>;
+#else	// #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+			template<typename... Types>
+			struct apply
+				: public F<Types...>
+			{};
+#endif	// #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+		};
+	}	// namespace types
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_TYPE_QUOTE_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp b/sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp
index f0888508..0d6ad463 100644
--- a/sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/rebind_types.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
 #include <sprout/index_tuple/index_t.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace types {
@@ -75,42 +76,27 @@ namespace sprout {
 		struct rebind_types<Tuple const> {
 		public:
 			template<typename... Types>
-			struct apply {
-			public:
-				typedef typename sprout::types::rebind_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<
-					Types...
-				>::type const type;
-			};
+			struct apply
+				: public sprout::identity<typename sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>, Types...>::type const>
+			{};
 		};
 
 		template<typename Tuple>
 		struct rebind_types<Tuple volatile> {
 		public:
 			template<typename... Types>
-			struct apply {
-			public:
-				typedef typename sprout::types::rebind_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<
-					Types...
-				>::type volatile type;
-			};
+			struct apply
+				: public sprout::identity<typename sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>, Types...>::type volatile>
+			{};
 		};
 
 		template<typename Tuple>
 		struct rebind_types<Tuple const volatile> {
 		public:
 			template<typename... Types>
-			struct apply {
-			public:
-				typedef typename sprout::types::rebind_types<
-					Tuple
-				>::template apply<
-					Types...
-				>::type const volatile type;
-			};
+			struct apply
+				: public sprout::identity<typename sprout::types::apply<sprout::types::rebind_types<Tuple>, Types...>::type const volatile>
+			{};
 		};
 	}	// namespace types
 
diff --git a/sprout/type/seq/algorithm/find_if.hpp b/sprout/type/seq/algorithm/find_if.hpp
index 7cf255de..d2fa1a10 100644
--- a/sprout/type/seq/algorithm/find_if.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/seq/algorithm/find_if.hpp
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/apply.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/tuple.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				struct find_if_impl_1<
 					First, Last, Predicate,
 					typename std::enable_if<
-						Predicate::template apply<typename sprout::types::deref<First>::type>::type::value
+						sprout::types::apply<Predicate, typename sprout::types::deref<First>::type>::type::value
 					>::type
 				> {
 				public:
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				struct find_if_impl_1<
 					First, Last, Predicate,
 					typename std::enable_if<
-						!Predicate::template apply<typename sprout::types::deref<First>::type>::type::value
+						!sprout::types::apply<Predicate, typename sprout::types::deref<First>::type>::type::value
 					>::type
 				>
 					: public sprout::types::seq::detail::find_if_impl<
diff --git a/sprout/variant/variant.hpp b/sprout/variant/variant.hpp
index 1795a8f7..c3b7b794 100644
--- a/sprout/variant/variant.hpp
+++ b/sprout/variant/variant.hpp
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <sprout/type_traits/common_decay.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/type_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type/algorithm/find_index.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type/algorithm/contains.hpp>
 #include <sprout/functional/type_traits/has_type.hpp>
 #include <sprout/functional/type_traits/weak_result_type.hpp>
 #include <sprout/variant/variant_fwd.hpp>
@@ -312,14 +313,14 @@ namespace sprout {
 		}
 		template<typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::types::find_index<tuple_type, U>::value != sizeof...(Types),
+			sprout::types::contains<tuple_type, U>::value,
 			U const&
 		>::type get() const {
 			return get_at<sprout::types::find_index<tuple_type, U>::value>();
 		}
 		template<typename U>
 		SPROUT_CXX14_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::types::find_index<tuple_type, U>::value != sizeof...(Types),
+			sprout::types::contains<tuple_type, U>::value,
 			U&
 		>::type get() {
 			return get_at<sprout::types::find_index<tuple_type, U>::value>();