diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp
index 79fdd5a3..e057f2e5 100644
--- a/sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp
+++ b/sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp
@@ -39,21 +39,21 @@ namespace sprout {
 						sprout::next(str, 2),
 						base ? base : 16,
 						IntType(),
-						sprout::detail::char_to_int<IntType>(*sprout::next(str, 2), base),
+						sprout::detail::char_to_int<IntType>(*sprout::next(str, 2), base ? base : 16),
 						negative
 						)
 					: sprout::detail::str_to_int_impl_1<IntType>(
 						sprout::next(str),
 						base ? base : 8,
 						IntType(),
-						sprout::detail::char_to_int<IntType>(*sprout::next(str), base),
+						sprout::detail::char_to_int<IntType>(*sprout::next(str), base ? base : 8),
 						negative
 						)
 				: sprout::detail::str_to_int_impl_1<IntType>(
 					str,
 					base ? base : 10,
 					IntType(),
-					sprout::detail::char_to_int<IntType>(*str, base),
+					sprout::detail::char_to_int<IntType>(*str, base ? base : 10),
 					negative
 					)
 				;
diff --git a/sprout/detail/char_conversion.hpp b/sprout/detail/char_conversion.hpp
index b831139c..fe1bcce4 100644
--- a/sprout/detail/char_conversion.hpp
+++ b/sprout/detail/char_conversion.hpp
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace detail {
 		template<typename Elem, typename IntType>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Elem int_to_char(IntType val, std::size_t base){
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Elem int_to_char(IntType val, int base){
 			return val >= 0 && val < 10 ? static_cast<Elem>('0') + val
-				: val >= 10 && val < base ? static_cast<Elem>('a') + (val - 10)
+				: val >= 10 && val < static_cast<IntType>(base) ? static_cast<Elem>('a') + (val - 10)
 				: throw std::invalid_argument("value out of bounds")
 				;
 		}
@@ -23,10 +23,10 @@ namespace sprout {
 		}
 
 		template<typename IntType, typename Elem>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType char_to_int(Elem c, std::size_t base){
-			return sprout::ascii::isdigit(c) && static_cast<std::size_t>(c - static_cast<Elem>('0')) < base ? c - static_cast<Elem>('0')
-				: sprout::ascii::islower(c) && static_cast<std::size_t>(c - static_cast<Elem>('a') + 10) < base ? c - static_cast<Elem>('a') + 10
-				: sprout::ascii::isupper(c) && static_cast<std::size_t>(c - static_cast<Elem>('A') + 10) < base ? c - static_cast<Elem>('A') + 10
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType char_to_int(Elem c, int base){
+			return sprout::ascii::isdigit(c) && c - static_cast<Elem>('0') < base ? c - static_cast<Elem>('0')
+				: sprout::ascii::islower(c) && c - static_cast<Elem>('a') + 10 < base ? c - static_cast<Elem>('a') + 10
+				: sprout::ascii::isupper(c) && c - static_cast<Elem>('A') + 10 < base ? c - static_cast<Elem>('A') + 10
 				: static_cast<IntType>(-1)
 				;
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/string/conversion.hpp b/sprout/string/conversion.hpp
index 0090dd35..ad207887 100644
--- a/sprout/string/conversion.hpp
+++ b/sprout/string/conversion.hpp
@@ -3,6 +3,6 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <sprout/string/to_string.hpp>
-#include <sprout/string/from_strong.hpp>
+#include <sprout/string/from_string.hpp>
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_STRING_CONVERSION_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/string/from_strong.hpp b/sprout/string/from_string.hpp
similarity index 100%
rename from sprout/string/from_strong.hpp
rename to sprout/string/from_string.hpp
diff --git a/sprout/string/int_to_string.hpp b/sprout/string/int_to_string.hpp
index 957129b1..38212cf7 100644
--- a/sprout/string/int_to_string.hpp
+++ b/sprout/string/int_to_string.hpp
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_STRING_INT_TO_STRING_HPP
 #define SPROUT_STRING_INT_TO_STRING_HPP
 
-#include <cstddef>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/string/string.hpp>
@@ -11,16 +10,26 @@
 #include <sprout/detail/char_conversion.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// printed_integer_digits
+	//
+	template<typename IntType, std::size_t Base = 10>
+	struct printed_integer_digits
+		: public std::integral_constant<
+			std::size_t,
+			sprout::integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value + (std::is_signed<IntType>::value ? 1 : 0)
+		>
+	{};
 
 	namespace detail {
 		template<
 			typename Elem,
-			std::size_t Base,
+			int Base,
 			typename IntType,
 			typename... Args,
-			typename sprout::enabler_if<(sizeof...(Args) == sprout::integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value - 1)>::type = sprout::enabler
+			typename sprout::enabler_if<(sizeof...(Args) == sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value - 1)>::type = sprout::enabler
 		>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
 		int_to_string_impl_1(IntType val, bool negative, Args... args) {
 			return negative ? sprout::make_string_as<Elem>(static_cast<Elem>('-'), args...)
 				: sprout::make_string_as<Elem>(args...)
@@ -28,12 +37,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 		}
 		template<
 			typename Elem,
-			std::size_t Base,
+			int Base,
 			typename IntType,
 			typename... Args,
-			typename sprout::enabler_if<(sizeof...(Args) < sprout::integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value - 1)>::type = sprout::enabler
+			typename sprout::enabler_if<(sizeof...(Args) < sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value - 1)>::type = sprout::enabler
 		>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
 		int_to_string_impl_1(IntType val, bool negative, Args... args) {
 			return val == 0
 				? (negative ? sprout::make_string_as<Elem>(static_cast<Elem>('-'), args...)
@@ -42,39 +51,38 @@ namespace sprout {
 				: sprout::detail::int_to_string_impl_1<Elem, Base>(
 					val / Base,
 					negative,
-					sprout::detail::int_to_char<Elem>(val % Base, Base),
+					sprout::detail::int_to_char<Elem>(negative ? -(val % Base) : val % Base, Base),
 					args...
 					)
 				;
 		}
-		template<typename Elem, std::size_t Base, typename IntType>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
+		template<typename Elem, int Base, typename IntType>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
 		int_to_string_impl(IntType val) {
 			return val == 0 ? sprout::make_string_as<Elem>(static_cast<Elem>('0'))
-				: val < 0 ? sprout::detail::int_to_string_impl_1<Elem, Base>(-val, true)
-				: sprout::detail::int_to_string_impl_1<Elem, Base>(val, false)
+				: sprout::detail::int_to_string_impl_1<Elem, Base>(val, val < 0)
 				;
 		}
 
 		template<
 			typename Elem,
-			std::size_t Base,
+			int Base,
 			typename UIntType,
 			typename... Args,
-			typename sprout::enabler_if<(sizeof...(Args) == sprout::integer_digits<UIntType, Base>::value)>::type = sprout::enabler
+			typename sprout::enabler_if<(sizeof...(Args) == sprout::printed_integer_digits<UIntType, Base>::value)>::type = sprout::enabler
 		>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::integer_digits<UIntType, Base>::value>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::printed_integer_digits<UIntType, Base>::value>
 		uint_to_string_impl_1(UIntType val, Args... args) {
 			return sprout::make_string_as<Elem>(args...);
 		}
 		template<
 			typename Elem,
-			std::size_t Base,
+			int Base,
 			typename UIntType,
 			typename... Args,
-			typename sprout::enabler_if<(sizeof...(Args) < sprout::integer_digits<UIntType, Base>::value)>::type = sprout::enabler
+			typename sprout::enabler_if<(sizeof...(Args) < sprout::printed_integer_digits<UIntType, Base>::value)>::type = sprout::enabler
 		>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::integer_digits<UIntType, Base>::value>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::printed_integer_digits<UIntType, Base>::value>
 		uint_to_string_impl_1(UIntType val, Args... args) {
 			return val == 0
 				? sprout::make_string_as<Elem>(args...)
@@ -85,8 +93,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 					)
 				;
 		}
-		template<typename Elem, std::size_t Base, typename UIntType>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::integer_digits<UIntType, Base>::value>
+		template<typename Elem, int Base, typename UIntType>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::printed_integer_digits<UIntType, Base>::value>
 		uint_to_string_impl(UIntType val) {
 			return val == 0 ? sprout::make_string_as<Elem>(static_cast<Elem>('0'))
 				: sprout::detail::uint_to_string_impl_1<Elem, Base>(val)
@@ -95,21 +103,21 @@ namespace sprout {
 
 		template<
 			typename Elem,
-			std::size_t Base,
+			int Base,
 			typename IntType,
 			typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_signed<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
 		>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
 		int_to_string(IntType val) {
 			return sprout::detail::int_to_string_impl<Elem, Base>(val);
 		}
 		template<
 			typename Elem,
-			std::size_t Base,
+			int Base,
 			typename IntType,
 			typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_unsigned<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
 		>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
 		int_to_string(IntType val) {
 			return sprout::detail::uint_to_string_impl<Elem, Base>(val);
 		}
@@ -120,11 +128,11 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	template<
 		typename Elem,
-		std::size_t Base,
+		int Base,
 		typename IntType,
 		typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_integral<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
 	>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType, Base>::value>
 	int_to_string(IntType val) {
 		return sprout::detail::int_to_string<Elem, Base>(val);
 	}
@@ -133,7 +141,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	// to_string_of
 	//
 	template<typename Elem, typename IntType, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_integral<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::integer_digits<IntType, 10>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<Elem, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType, 10>::value>
 	to_string_of(IntType val) {
 		return sprout::int_to_string<Elem, 10>(val);
 	}
@@ -141,32 +149,32 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// to_string
 	//
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::integer_digits<int>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::printed_integer_digits<int>::value>
 	to_string(int val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned>::value>
 	to_string(unsigned val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::integer_digits<long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::printed_integer_digits<long>::value>
 	to_string(long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned long>::value>
 	to_string(unsigned long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::integer_digits<long long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::printed_integer_digits<long long>::value>
 	to_string(long long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned long long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned long long>::value>
 	to_string(unsigned long long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char>(val);
 	}
 	template<typename IntType, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_integral<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::integer_digits<IntType>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType>::value>
 	to_string(IntType val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char>(val);
 	}
@@ -174,32 +182,32 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// to_wstring
 	//
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::integer_digits<int>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<int>::value>
 	to_wstring(int val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<wchar_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned>::value>
 	to_wstring(unsigned val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<wchar_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::integer_digits<long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<long>::value>
 	to_wstring(long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<wchar_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned long>::value>
 	to_wstring(unsigned long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<wchar_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::integer_digits<long long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<long long>::value>
 	to_wstring(long long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<wchar_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned long long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned long long>::value>
 	to_wstring(unsigned long long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<wchar_t>(val);
 	}
 	template<typename IntType, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_integral<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::integer_digits<IntType>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<wchar_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType>::value>
 	to_wstring(IntType val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<wchar_t>(val);
 	}
@@ -207,32 +215,32 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// to_u16string
 	//
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::integer_digits<int>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<int>::value>
 	to_u16string(int val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char16_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned>::value>
 	to_u16string(unsigned val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char16_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::integer_digits<long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<long>::value>
 	to_u16string(long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char16_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned long>::value>
 	to_u16string(unsigned long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char16_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::integer_digits<long long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<long long>::value>
 	to_u16string(long long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char16_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned long long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned long long>::value>
 	to_u16string(unsigned long long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char16_t>(val);
 	}
 	template<typename IntType, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_integral<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::integer_digits<IntType>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char16_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType>::value>
 	to_u16string(IntType val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char16_t>(val);
 	}
@@ -240,32 +248,32 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// to_u32string
 	//
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::integer_digits<int>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<int>::value>
 	to_u32string(int val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char32_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned>::value>
 	to_u32string(unsigned val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char32_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::integer_digits<long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<long>::value>
 	to_u32string(long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char32_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned long>::value>
 	to_u32string(unsigned long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char32_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::integer_digits<long long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<long long>::value>
 	to_u32string(long long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char32_t>(val);
 	}
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::integer_digits<unsigned long long>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<unsigned long long>::value>
 	to_u32string(unsigned long long val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char32_t>(val);
 	}
 	template<typename IntType, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_integral<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::integer_digits<IntType>::value>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<char32_t, sprout::printed_integer_digits<IntType>::value>
 	to_u32string(IntType val) {
 		return sprout::to_string_of<char32_t>(val);
 	}
diff --git a/sprout/string/string_to_int.hpp b/sprout/string/string_to_int.hpp
index d190d9d8..05463a65 100644
--- a/sprout/string/string_to_int.hpp
+++ b/sprout/string/string_to_int.hpp
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_integral<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
 	>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType from_string(sprout::basic_string<Elem, N, Traits> const& str, std::size_t* idx) {
-		return sprout::string_to_int<IntType>(str, idx);
+		return sprout::string_to_int<IntType>(str, idx, 0);
 	}
 	template<
 		typename IntType,
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_integral<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
 	>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType from_string(sprout::basic_string<Elem, N, Traits> const& str) {
-		return sprout::string_to_int<IntType>(str);
+		return sprout::string_to_int<IntType>(str, 0);
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout