diff --git a/sprout/cctype.hpp b/sprout/cctype.hpp
index 56fd9235..20ff9742 100644
--- a/sprout/cctype.hpp
+++ b/sprout/cctype.hpp
@@ -2,6 +2,6 @@
 #define SPROUT_CCTYPE_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
-#include <sprout/ctype.hpp>
+#include <sprout/ctype/ascii.hpp>
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CCTYPE_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/ascii_to_int.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/ascii_to_int.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b96f246
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cstdlib/ascii_to_int.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_DECIMAL_TO_INT_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CSTDLIB_DECIMAL_TO_INT_HPP
+
+#include <iterator>
+#include <limits>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/ctype/ascii.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/enabler_if.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		// Copyright (c) 2011 osyo-manga : http://d.hatena.ne.jp/osyo-manga/
+
+		template<typename IntType, typename CStrIterator>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType ascii_to_int_impl(CStrIterator str, IntType val, bool negative) {
+			return !sprout::ascii::isdigit(*str)
+				? negative ? -val : val
+				: val > (std::numeric_limits<IntType>::max() - (*str - static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<CStrIterator>::value_type>('0')) - (negative ? 1 : 0)) / 10
+				? (negative ? std::numeric_limits<IntType>::min() : std::numeric_limits<IntType>::max())
+				: sprout::detail::ascii_to_int_impl<IntType>(
+					sprout::next(str),
+					val * 10 + (*str - static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<CStrIterator>::value_type>('0')),
+					negative
+					)
+				;
+		}
+		template<typename IntType, typename CStrIterator, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_unsigned<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType ascii_to_int(CStrIterator str) {
+			return sprout::ascii::isspace(*str)
+				? sprout::detail::ascii_to_int<IntType>(sprout::next(str))
+				: *str == static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<CStrIterator>::value_type>('+')
+				? sprout::detail::ascii_to_int_impl<IntType>(sprout::next(str), IntType(), false)
+				: sprout::detail::ascii_to_int_impl<IntType>(str, IntType(), false)
+				;
+		}
+		template<typename IntType, typename CStrIterator, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_signed<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType ascii_to_int(CStrIterator str) {
+			return sprout::ascii::isspace(*str)
+				? sprout::detail::ascii_to_int<IntType>(sprout::next(str))
+				: *str == static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<CStrIterator>::value_type>('-')
+				? sprout::detail::ascii_to_int_impl<IntType>(sprout::next(str), IntType(), true)
+				: *str == static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<CStrIterator>::value_type>('+')
+				? sprout::detail::ascii_to_int_impl<IntType>(sprout::next(str), IntType(), false)
+				: sprout::detail::ascii_to_int_impl<IntType>(str, IntType(), false)
+				;
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+
+	//
+	// ascii_to_int
+	//
+	template<typename IntType, typename Char, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_integral<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType ascii_to_int(Char const* str) {
+		return sprout::detail::ascii_to_int<IntType>(str);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_DECIMAL_TO_INT_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/atoi.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/atoi.hpp
index d8745310..f0906d11 100644
--- a/sprout/cstdlib/atoi.hpp
+++ b/sprout/cstdlib/atoi.hpp
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@
 #define SPROUT_CSTDLIB_ATOI_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
-#include <sprout/cstdlib/decimal_to_int.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/ascii_to_int.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// atoi
 	//
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int atoi(char const* str) {
-		return sprout::decimal_to_int<int>(str);
+		return sprout::ascii_to_int<int>(str);
 	}
 	template<typename Char>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int atoi(Char const* str) {
-		return sprout::decimal_to_int<int>(str);
+		return sprout::ascii_to_int<int>(str);
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/atol.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/atol.hpp
index 81cbf6bd..8210ed0c 100644
--- a/sprout/cstdlib/atol.hpp
+++ b/sprout/cstdlib/atol.hpp
@@ -2,18 +2,18 @@
 #define SPROUT_CSTDLIB_ATOL_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
-#include <sprout/cstdlib/decimal_to_int.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/ascii_to_int.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// atol
 	//
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR long atol(char const* str) {
-		return sprout::decimal_to_int<long>(str);
+		return sprout::ascii_to_int<long>(str);
 	}
 	template<typename Char>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int atol(Char const* str) {
-		return sprout::decimal_to_int<int>(str);
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR long atol(Char const* str) {
+		return sprout::ascii_to_int<long>(str);
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/atoll.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/atoll.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a54dcdbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cstdlib/atoll.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_ATOLL_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CSTDLIB_ATOLL_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/ascii_to_int.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// atoll
+	//
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR long long atoll(char const* str) {
+		return sprout::ascii_to_int<long long>(str);
+	}
+	template<typename Char>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR long long atoll(Char const* str) {
+		return sprout::ascii_to_int<long long>(str);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_ATOLL_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/conversion.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/conversion.hpp
index a4ad07a5..acde2a35 100644
--- a/sprout/cstdlib/conversion.hpp
+++ b/sprout/cstdlib/conversion.hpp
@@ -2,10 +2,14 @@
 #define SPROUT_CSTDLIB_CONVERSION_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
-#include <sprout/cstdlib/decimal_to_int.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/ascii_to_int.hpp>
 #include <sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp>
 #include <sprout/cstdlib/atoi.hpp>
 #include <sprout/cstdlib/atol.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/atoll.hpp>
 #include <sprout/cstdlib/strtol.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/strtoul.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/strtoll.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/strtoull.hpp>
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_CONVERSION_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/decimal_to_int.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/decimal_to_int.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ef60f27..00000000
--- a/sprout/cstdlib/decimal_to_int.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_DECIMAL_TO_INT_HPP
-#define SPROUT_CSTDLIB_DECIMAL_TO_INT_HPP
-
-#include <iterator>
-#include <limits>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <sprout/config.hpp>
-#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
-#include <sprout/ctype/ascii.hpp>
-#include <sprout/utility/enabler_if.hpp>
-
-namespace sprout {
-	namespace detail {
-		// Copyright (c) 2011 osyo-manga : http://d.hatena.ne.jp/osyo-manga/
-
-		template<typename IntType, typename CStrIterator>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType decimal_to_int_impl(CStrIterator str, IntType val, bool negative) {
-			return !sprout::ascii::isdigit(*str)
-				? negative ? -val : val
-				: val > (std::numeric_limits<IntType>::max() - (*str - static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<CStrIterator>::value_type>('0')) - (negative ? 1 : 0)) / 10
-				? (negative ? std::numeric_limits<IntType>::min() : std::numeric_limits<IntType>::max())
-				: sprout::detail::decimal_to_int_impl<IntType>(
-					sprout::next(str),
-					val * 10 + (*str - static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<CStrIterator>::value_type>('0')),
-					negative
-					)
-				;
-		}
-		template<typename IntType, typename CStrIterator>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType decimal_to_int(CStrIterator str) {
-			return sprout::ascii::isspace(*str)
-				? sprout::detail::decimal_to_int<IntType>(sprout::next(str))
-				: *str == static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<CStrIterator>::value_type>('-')
-				? sprout::detail::decimal_to_int_impl<IntType>(sprout::next(str), IntType(), true)
-				: *str == static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<CStrIterator>::value_type>('+')
-				? sprout::detail::decimal_to_int_impl<IntType>(sprout::next(str), IntType(), false)
-				: sprout::detail::decimal_to_int_impl<IntType>(str, IntType(), false)
-				;
-		}
-	}	// namespace detail
-
-	//
-	// decimal_to_int
-	//
-	template<typename IntType, typename Char, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_integral<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType decimal_to_int(Char const* str) {
-		return sprout::detail::decimal_to_int<IntType>(str);
-	}
-}	// namespace sprout
-
-#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_DECIMAL_TO_INT_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp
index 3f899b51..784be7c0 100644
--- a/sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp
+++ b/sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp
@@ -56,7 +56,16 @@ namespace sprout {
 					)
 				;
 		}
-		template<typename IntType, typename CStrIterator>
+		template<typename IntType, typename CStrIterator, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_unsigned<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType str_to_int(CStrIterator str, int base) {
+			return sprout::ascii::isspace(*str)
+				? sprout::detail::str_to_int<IntType>(sprout::next(str), base)
+				: *str == static_cast<typename std::iterator_traits<CStrIterator>::value_type>('+')
+				? sprout::detail::str_to_int_impl<IntType>(sprout::next(str), base, false)
+				: sprout::detail::str_to_int_impl<IntType>(str, base, false)
+				;
+		}
+		template<typename IntType, typename CStrIterator, typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_signed<IntType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType str_to_int(CStrIterator str, int base) {
 			return sprout::ascii::isspace(*str)
 				? sprout::detail::str_to_int<IntType>(sprout::next(str), base)
diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/strtoll.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/strtoll.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32782f03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cstdlib/strtoll.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_STRTOLL_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CSTDLIB_STRTOLL_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// strtol
+	//
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR long long strtoll(char const* str, char** endptr, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<long long>(str, endptr, base);
+	}
+	template<typename Char>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR long long strtoll(Char const* str, Char** endptr, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<long long>(str, endptr, base);
+	}
+	template<typename Char>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR long long strtoll(Char const* str, std::nullptr_t endptr, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<long long>(str, base);
+	}
+	template<typename Char>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR long long strtoll(Char const* str, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<long long>(str, base);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_STRTOLL_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/strtoul.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/strtoul.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1e6990f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cstdlib/strtoul.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_STRTOUL_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CSTDLIB_STRTOUL_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// strtoul
+	//
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long strtoul(char const* str, char** endptr, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<unsigned long>(str, endptr, base);
+	}
+	template<typename Char>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long strtoul(Char const* str, Char** endptr, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<unsigned long>(str, endptr, base);
+	}
+	template<typename Char>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long strtoul(Char const* str, std::nullptr_t endptr, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<unsigned long>(str, base);
+	}
+	template<typename Char>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long strtoul(Char const* str, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<unsigned long>(str, base);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_STRTOUL_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cstdlib/strtoull.hpp b/sprout/cstdlib/strtoull.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0c78f20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cstdlib/strtoull.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_STRTTOULL_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CSTDLIB_STRTTOULL_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstdlib/str_to_int.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// strtoul
+	//
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long strtoull(char const* str, char** endptr, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<unsigned long long>(str, endptr, base);
+	}
+	template<typename Char>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long strtoull(Char const* str, Char** endptr, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<unsigned long long>(str, endptr, base);
+	}
+	template<typename Char>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long strtoull(Char const* str, std::nullptr_t endptr, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<unsigned long long>(str, base);
+	}
+	template<typename Char>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR unsigned long long strtoull(Char const* str, int base = 10){
+		return sprout::str_to_int<unsigned long long>(str, base);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CSTDLIB_STRTTOULL_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cstring/memchr.hpp b/sprout/cstring/memchr.hpp
index 089c59b7..1abff2d8 100644
--- a/sprout/cstring/memchr.hpp
+++ b/sprout/cstring/memchr.hpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
 
 	namespace detail {
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR void const* memchr_impl(unsigned char const* s, char c, std::size_t n) {
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR void const* memchr_impl(unsigned char const* s, unsigned char c, std::size_t n) {
 			return !n ? 0
 				: *s == c ? s
 				: sprout::detail::memchr_impl(s + 1, c, n - 1)
diff --git a/sprout/cstring/memcmp.hpp b/sprout/cstring/memcmp.hpp
index c9f40a67..766ba1dc 100644
--- a/sprout/cstring/memcmp.hpp
+++ b/sprout/cstring/memcmp.hpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	}	// namespace detail
 
 	// 7.21.4.1  memcmp �֐�
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int memcmp(void const * s1, void const * s2, std::size_t n) {
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int memcmp(void const* s1, void const* s2, std::size_t n) {
 		return sprout::detail::memcmp_impl(
 			static_cast<unsigned char const*>(s1),
 			static_cast<unsigned char const*>(s2),
diff --git a/sprout/ctype.hpp b/sprout/ctype.hpp
index 4412f4bd..d619e144 100644
--- a/sprout/ctype.hpp
+++ b/sprout/ctype.hpp
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/ctype/ascii.hpp>
+#include <sprout/ctype/wascii.hpp>
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CTYPE_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/ctype/ascii.hpp b/sprout/ctype/ascii.hpp
index be629ced..e598c63e 100644
--- a/sprout/ctype/ascii.hpp
+++ b/sprout/ctype/ascii.hpp
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/preprocessor/cat.hpp>
+#include <sprout/preprocessor/empty.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace ascii {
@@ -177,48 +179,48 @@ namespace sprout {
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 
-#define SPROUT_CTYPE_DEFINE_ASCII(CHAR_TYPE) \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool isalnum(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+#define SPROUT_CTYPE_ASCII_DECL(CHAR_TYPE, PREFIX) \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, alnum))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & (sprout::ascii::detail::alpha | sprout::ascii::detail::digit); \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool isalpha(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, alpha))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::alpha; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool isblank(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, blank))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::blank; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool iscntrl(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, cntrl))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::cntrl; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool isdigit(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, digit))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::digit; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool isgraph(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, graph))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::graph; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool islower(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, lower))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::lower; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool isprint(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, print))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::print; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool ispunct(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, punct))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::punct; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool isspace(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, space))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::space; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool isupper(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, upper))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::upper; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool isxdigit(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool SPROUT_PP_CAT(is, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, xdigit))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
 			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::xdigit; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR CHAR_TYPE tolower(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
-			return sprout::ascii::isupper(c) ? c + (0x61 - 0x41) : c; \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR CHAR_TYPE SPROUT_PP_CAT(to, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, lower))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::lower ? c + (0x61 - 0x41) : c; \
 		} \
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR CHAR_TYPE toupper(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
-			return sprout::ascii::islower(c) ? c - (0x61 - 0x41) : c; \
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR CHAR_TYPE SPROUT_PP_CAT(to, SPROUT_PP_CAT(PREFIX, upper))(CHAR_TYPE c) { \
+			return sprout::ascii::detail::get_value(c) & sprout::ascii::detail::upper ? c - (0x61 - 0x41) : c; \
 		}
 
 		//
@@ -237,12 +239,10 @@ namespace sprout {
 		// tolower
 		// toupper
 		//
-		SPROUT_CTYPE_DEFINE_ASCII(char);
-		SPROUT_CTYPE_DEFINE_ASCII(wchar_t);
-		SPROUT_CTYPE_DEFINE_ASCII(char16_t);
-		SPROUT_CTYPE_DEFINE_ASCII(char32_t);
-
-#undef SPROUT_CTYPE_DEFINE_ASCII
+		SPROUT_CTYPE_ASCII_DECL(char, SPROUT_PP_EMPTY());
+		SPROUT_CTYPE_ASCII_DECL(wchar_t, SPROUT_PP_EMPTY());
+		SPROUT_CTYPE_ASCII_DECL(char16_t, SPROUT_PP_EMPTY());
+		SPROUT_CTYPE_ASCII_DECL(char32_t, SPROUT_PP_EMPTY());
 	}	// namespace ascii
 
 	using sprout::ascii::isalnum;
diff --git a/sprout/ctype/wascii.hpp b/sprout/ctype/wascii.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df0f1ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/ctype/wascii.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CTYPE_WASCII_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CTYPE_WASCII_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/ctype/ascii.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace ascii {
+		//
+		// iswalnum
+		// iswalpha
+		// iswblank
+		// iswcntrl
+		// iswdigit
+		// iswgraph
+		// iswlower
+		// iswprint
+		// iswpunct
+		// iswspace
+		// iswupper
+		// iswxdigit
+		// towlower
+		// towupper
+		//
+		SPROUT_CTYPE_ASCII_DECL(wchar_t, w);
+	}	// namespace ascii
+
+	using sprout::ascii::iswalnum;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswalpha;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswblank;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswcntrl;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswdigit;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswgraph;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswlower;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswprint;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswpunct;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswspace;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswupper;
+	using sprout::ascii::iswxdigit;
+	using sprout::ascii::towlower;
+	using sprout::ascii::towupper;
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CTYPE_WASCII_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar.hpp b/sprout/cwchar.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9edcadb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHER_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHER_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wmemcmp.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wcscmp.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wcscoll.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wcsncmp.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wmemchr.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wcschr.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wcscspn.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wcspbrk.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wcsrchr.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wcsspn.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wcsstr.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cwchar/wcslen.hpp>
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHER_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wcschr.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wcschr.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d5192c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wcschr.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCHR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCHR_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t const* wcschr(wchar_t const* s, int c) {
+		return *s == static_cast<wchar_t>(c) ? s
+			: !*s ? nullptr
+			: sprout::wcschr(s + 1, c)
+			;
+	}
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t* wcschr(wchar_t* s, int c) {
+		return const_cast<wchar_t*>(sprout::wcschr(const_cast<wchar_t const*>(s), c));
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCHR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wcscmp.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wcscmp.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..67050b6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wcscmp.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCMP_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCMP_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int wcscmp(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2) {
+		return !*s1 && !*s2 ? 0
+			: !*s1 ? -1
+			: !*s2 ? 1
+			: *s1 == *s2 ? sprout::wcscmp(s1 + 1, s2 + 1)
+			: static_cast<unsigned wchar_t>(*s1) - static_cast<unsigned wchar_t>(*s2)
+			;
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCMP_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wcscoll.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wcscoll.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7cb45bb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wcscoll.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCOLL_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCOLL_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstring/strcmp.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int wcscoll(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2) {
+		return sprout::wcscmp(s1, s2);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCOLL_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wcscspn.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wcscspn.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe5ab9e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wcscspn.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCSPN_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCSPN_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstring/strchr.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	namespace detail {
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::size_t wcscspn_impl(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2, std::size_t n) {
+			return !*s1 || sprout::wcschr(s2, *s1) ? n
+				: sprout::detail::wcscspn_impl(s1 + 1, s2, n + 1)
+				;
+		}
+	}	// amespace detail
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::size_t wcscspn(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2) {
+		return sprout::detail::wcscspn_impl(s1, s2, 0);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSCSPN_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wcslen.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wcslen.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e44cf245
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wcslen.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSLEN_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSLEN_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	namespace detail {
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::size_t wcslen_impl(wchar_t const* s, std::size_t n) {
+			return !*s ? n :
+				sprout::detail::wcslen_impl(s + 1, n + 1)
+				;
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::size_t wcslen(wchar_t const* s) {
+		return sprout::detail::wcslen_impl(s, 0);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSLEN_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wcsncmp.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wcsncmp.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..403c99c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wcsncmp.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSNCMP_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSNCMP_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int wcsncmp(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2, std::size_t n) {
+		return !n || (!*s1 && !*s2) ? 0
+			: !*s1 ? -1
+			: !*s2 ? 1
+			: *s1 == *s2 ? sprout::wcsncmp(s1 + 1, s2 + 1, n - 1)
+			: static_cast<unsigned wchar_t>(*s1) - static_cast<unsigned wchar_t>(*s2)
+			;
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSNCMP_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wcspbrk.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wcspbrk.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f082b398
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wcspbrk.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSPBRK_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSPBRK_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstring/strchr.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t const* wcspbrk(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2) {
+		return !*s1 ? nullptr
+			: sprout::wcschr(s2, *s1) ? s1
+			: sprout::wcspbrk(s1 + 1, s2)
+			;
+	}
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t* wcspbrk(wchar_t* s1, wchar_t const* s2) {
+		return const_cast<wchar_t*>(sprout::wcspbrk(const_cast<wchar_t const*>(s1), s2));
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSPBRK_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wcsrchr.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wcsrchr.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ab069e95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wcsrchr.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSRCHR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSRCHR_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t const* wcsrchr(wchar_t const* s, int c) {
+		return *s == static_cast<wchar_t>(c) && (!*s || !sprout::wcsrchr(s + 1, c))? s
+			: !*s ? nullptr
+			: sprout::wcsrchr(s + 1, c)
+			;
+	}
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t* wcsrchr(wchar_t* s, int c) {
+		return const_cast<wchar_t*>(sprout::wcsrchr(const_cast<wchar_t const*>(s), c));
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSRCHR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wcsspn.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wcsspn.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbab327d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wcsspn.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSSPN_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_XXX_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/cstring/strchr.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	namespace detail {
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::size_t wcsspn_impl(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2, std::size_t n) {
+			return !*s1 || !sprout::wcschr(s2, *s1) ? n
+				: sprout::detail::wcsspn_impl(s1 + 1, s2, n + 1)
+				;
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::size_t wcsspn(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2) {
+		return sprout::detail::wcsspn_impl(s1, s2, 0);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_XXX_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wcsstr.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wcsstr.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f55241b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wcsstr.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSSTR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSSTR_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t const* wcsstr(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2) {
+		return !*s2 ? s1
+			: !*s1 ? nullptr
+			: *s1 == *s2 && sprout::wcsstr(s1 + 1, s2 + 1) ? s1
+			: sprout::wcsstr(s1 + 1, s2)
+			;
+	}
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t* wcsstr(wchar_t* s1, wchar_t const* s2) {
+		return const_cast<wchar_t*>(sprout::wcsstr(const_cast<wchar_t const*>(s1), s2));
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WCSSTR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wmemchr.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wmemchr.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85aad0ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wmemchr.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WMEMCHR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WMEMCHR_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	namespace detail {
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t const* wmemchr_impl(wchar_t const* s, wchar_t c, std::size_t n) {
+			return !n ? 0
+				: *s == c ? s
+				: sprout::detail::wmemchr_impl(s + 1, c, n - 1)
+			;
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t const* wmemchr(wchar_t const* s, wchar_t c, size_t n) {
+		return sprout::detail::wmemchr_impl(s, c, n);
+	}
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR wchar_t* wmemchr(wchar_t* s, wchar_t c, size_t n) {
+		return const_cast<wchar_t*>(
+			sprout::detail::wmemchr_impl(s, c, n)
+			);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WMEMCHR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwchar/wmemcmp.hpp b/sprout/cwchar/wmemcmp.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b34679b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwchar/wmemcmp.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WMEMCMP_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CWCHAR_WMEMCMP_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	// Copyright (C) 2011 RiSK (sscrisk)
+
+	namespace detail {
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int wmemcmp_impl(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2, std::size_t n) {
+			return !n ? 0
+				: *s1 == *s2 ? sprout::detail::wmemcmp_impl(s1 + 1, s2 + 1, n - 1)
+				: *s1 - *s2
+				;
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int wmemcmp(wchar_t const* s1, wchar_t const* s2, std::size_t n) {
+		return sprout::detail::wmemcmp_impl(
+			s1,
+			s2,
+			n
+			);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CWCHAR_WMEMCMP_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/cwctype.hpp b/sprout/cwctype.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..add8c60a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/cwctype.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_CCTYPE_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CCTYPE_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/ctype/wascii.hpp>
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CCTYPE_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/detail/char_conversion.hpp b/sprout/detail/char_conversion.hpp
index de4b64d6..b831139c 100644
--- a/sprout/detail/char_conversion.hpp
+++ b/sprout/detail/char_conversion.hpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/ctype/ascii.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace detail {
@@ -23,15 +24,15 @@ namespace sprout {
 
 		template<typename IntType, typename Elem>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType char_to_int(Elem c, std::size_t base){
-			return c >= static_cast<Elem>('0') && c <= static_cast<Elem>('9') ? c - static_cast<Elem>('0')
-				: c >= static_cast<Elem>('a') && c <= static_cast<Elem>('a' + (base - 11)) ? c - static_cast<Elem>('a') + 10
-				: c >= static_cast<Elem>('A') && c <= static_cast<Elem>('A' + (base - 11)) ? c - static_cast<Elem>('A') + 10
+			return sprout::ascii::isdigit(c) && static_cast<std::size_t>(c - static_cast<Elem>('0')) < base ? c - static_cast<Elem>('0')
+				: sprout::ascii::islower(c) && static_cast<std::size_t>(c - static_cast<Elem>('a') + 10) < base ? c - static_cast<Elem>('a') + 10
+				: sprout::ascii::isupper(c) && static_cast<std::size_t>(c - static_cast<Elem>('A') + 10) < base ? c - static_cast<Elem>('A') + 10
 				: static_cast<IntType>(-1)
 				;
 		}
 		template<typename IntType, typename Elem>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType char_to_int(Elem c){
-			return c >= static_cast<Elem>('0') && c <= static_cast<Elem>('9') ? c - static_cast<Elem>('0')
+			return sprout::ascii::isdigit(c) ? c - static_cast<Elem>('0')
 				: static_cast<IntType>(-1)
 				;
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/preprocessor.hpp b/sprout/preprocessor.hpp
index 4b64a3cc..355738bc 100644
--- a/sprout/preprocessor.hpp
+++ b/sprout/preprocessor.hpp
@@ -6,5 +6,6 @@
 #include <sprout/preprocessor/stringize_all.hpp>
 #include <sprout/preprocessor/str_all.hpp>
 #include <sprout/preprocessor/unique_string.hpp>
+#include <sprout/preprocessor/empty.hpp>
 
 #endif // #ifndef SPROUT_PREPROCESSOR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/preprocessor/cat.hpp b/sprout/preprocessor/cat.hpp
index 8835d23c..5407673c 100644
--- a/sprout/preprocessor/cat.hpp
+++ b/sprout/preprocessor/cat.hpp
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 
-#define SPROUT_PP_CAT_I(a, b) a ## b
-
 //
 // SPROUT_PP_CAT
 //
 #define SPROUT_PP_CAT(a, b) SPROUT_PP_CAT_I(a, b)
+#define SPROUT_PP_CAT_I(a, b) a ## b
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_PREPROCESSOR_CAT_HPP
 
diff --git a/sprout/preprocessor/empty.hpp b/sprout/preprocessor/empty.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5a2b87e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/preprocessor/empty.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_PREPROCESSOR_EMPTY_HPP
+#define SPROUT_PREPROCESSOR_EMPTY_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+//
+// SPROUT_PP_EMPTY
+//
+#define SPROUT_PP_EMPTY()
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_PREPROCESSOR_EMPTY_HPP
+