diff --git a/libs/weed/example/__TIME__.cpp b/libs/weed/example/__TIME__.cpp
index 2074e511..d287d440 100644
--- a/libs/weed/example/__TIME__.cpp
+++ b/libs/weed/example/__TIME__.cpp
@@ -1,68 +1,68 @@
-//
-// Sprout C++ Library
-//
-// Copyright (c) 2012
-// bolero-MURAKAMI : http://d.hatena.ne.jp/boleros/
-// osyo-manga : http://d.hatena.ne.jp/osyo-manga/
-// 
-// Readme:
-// https://github.com/osyo-manga/cpp-half/blob/master/README
-//
-// License:
-// Boost Software License - Version 1.0
-// <http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt>
-//
-#include <sprout/weed.hpp>
-#include <boost/mpl/print.hpp>
-#include <boost/mpl/int.hpp>
-#include <iostream>
-
-//
-// __TIME__ Parser
-//
-int
-main(){
-	namespace w = sprout::weed;
-	
-	//
-	// __TIME__ to Sprout.String
-	//
-	static constexpr auto time = sprout::to_string(__TIME__);
-// 	static constexpr auto time = sprout::to_string("23:22:45");
-	
-
-	//
-	// parse __TIME__
-	//
-	constexpr auto expr = w::int_ >> ':' >> w::int_ >> ':' >> w::int_;
-	static constexpr auto result = w::parse(time.begin(), time.end(), parser);
-	static_assert(result.success(), "failed parse");
-	
-	
-	//
-	// get result
-	//
-	static constexpr sprout::array<long long int, 3> result_attr = result.attr();
-	static constexpr auto hour    = result_attr[0];
-	static constexpr auto minute = result_attr[1];
-	static constexpr auto second  = result_attr[2];
-
-// 	static_assert(hour   == 23, "");
-// 	static_assert(minute == 22, "");
-// 	static_assert(second == 45, "");
-
-	std::cout << hour << std::endl;
-	std::cout << minute << std::endl;
-	std::cout << second << std::endl;
-	
-	
-	//
-	// compile time output
-	//
-	namespace m = boost::mpl;
-	typedef m::print<m::int_<hour>>::type   hour_;
-	typedef m::print<m::int_<minute>>::type minute_;
-	typedef m::print<m::int_<second>>::type second_;
-
-	return 0;
-}
+//
+// Sprout C++ Library
+//
+// Copyright (c) 2012
+// bolero-MURAKAMI : http://d.hatena.ne.jp/boleros/
+// osyo-manga : http://d.hatena.ne.jp/osyo-manga/
+// 
+// Readme:
+// https://github.com/osyo-manga/cpp-half/blob/master/README
+//
+// License:
+// Boost Software License - Version 1.0
+// <http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt>
+//
+#include <sprout/weed.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/print.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpl/int.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+
+//
+// __TIME__ Parser
+//
+int
+main(){
+	namespace w = sprout::weed;
+	
+	//
+	// __TIME__ to Sprout.String
+	//
+	static constexpr auto time = sprout::to_string(__TIME__);
+// 	static constexpr auto time = sprout::to_string("23:22:45");
+	
+
+	//
+	// parse __TIME__
+	//
+	constexpr auto expr = w::int_ >> ':' >> w::int_ >> ':' >> w::int_;
+	static constexpr auto result = w::parse(time.begin(), time.end(), parser);
+	static_assert(result.success(), "failed parse");
+	
+	
+	//
+	// get result
+	//
+	static constexpr sprout::array<long long int, 3> result_attr = result.attr();
+	static constexpr auto hour    = result_attr[0];
+	static constexpr auto minute = result_attr[1];
+	static constexpr auto second  = result_attr[2];
+
+// 	static_assert(hour   == 23, "");
+// 	static_assert(minute == 22, "");
+// 	static_assert(second == 45, "");
+
+	std::cout << hour << std::endl;
+	std::cout << minute << std::endl;
+	std::cout << second << std::endl;
+	
+	
+	//
+	// compile time output
+	//
+	namespace m = boost::mpl;
+	typedef m::print<m::int_<hour>>::type   hour_;
+	typedef m::print<m::int_<minute>>::type minute_;
+	typedef m::print<m::int_<second>>::type second_;
+
+	return 0;
+}
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp
index 6db2d0bd..f0620593 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					first,
 					last,
 					result,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_backward.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_backward.hpp
index 2108f6c7..3de530c1 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_backward.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_backward.hpp
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					first,
 					last,
 					result,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_end_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill.hpp
index 001462d6..cc071a0d 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill.hpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::fill_impl(
 				cont,
 				value,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_begin_offset(cont),
 				sprout::size(cont)
 				);
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill_n.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill_n.hpp
index ba20b8be..f8dbe015 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill_n.hpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::fill_impl(
 				cont,
 				value,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_begin_offset(cont),
 				n
 				);
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy.hpp
index e537d108..3fe9cc8d 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy.hpp
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					result,
 					old_value,
 					new_value,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy_if.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy_if.hpp
index 1f4aca13..549ad139 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy_if.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy_if.hpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					result,
 					pred,
 					new_value,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/reverse_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/reverse_copy.hpp
index 0b8202d4..8a2bc0d3 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/reverse_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/reverse_copy.hpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include <sprout/index_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
-#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 #include HDR_ITERATOR_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					first,
 					last,
 					result,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/rotate_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/rotate_copy.hpp
index 034c7201..f62821cd 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/rotate_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/rotate_copy.hpp
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 #include <sprout/index_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
-#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 #include HDR_ITERATOR_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					middle,
 					last,
 					result,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/shuffle.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/shuffle.hpp
index e3926f24..13f29726 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/shuffle.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/shuffle.hpp
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::shuffle_impl(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::forward<UniformRandomNumberGenerator>(g),
 				sprout::internal_begin_offset(cont),
 				sprout::size(cont)
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/shuffle_result.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/shuffle_result.hpp
index 5bda6e6e..c7163f17 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/shuffle_result.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/shuffle_result.hpp
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::shuffle_result_impl(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::forward<UniformRandomNumberGenerator>(g),
 				sprout::internal_begin_offset(cont),
 				sprout::size(cont)
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/swap_element_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/swap_element_copy.hpp
index 910daf73..e2ba019e 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/swap_element_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/swap_element_copy.hpp
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					result,
 					pos1,
 					pos2,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/transform.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/transform.hpp
index 13465e17..d3851f0d 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/transform.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/transform.hpp
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					last,
 					result,
 					op,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					first2,
 					result,
 					op,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first1, last1)
diff --git a/sprout/array.hpp b/sprout/array.hpp
index be485ef2..166bc950 100644
--- a/sprout/array.hpp
+++ b/sprout/array.hpp
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::array<T, N> to_array(T const (& arr)[N]) {
-		return sprout::detail::to_array_impl(arr, typename sprout::index_range<0, N>::type());
+		return sprout::detail::to_array_impl(arr, sprout::index_range<0, N>::make());
 	}
 
 	//
diff --git a/sprout/breed/generate.hpp b/sprout/breed/generate.hpp
index 8d9113b1..8a921356 100644
--- a/sprout/breed/generate.hpp
+++ b/sprout/breed/generate.hpp
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				}
 			public:
 				static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR type call(src_type const& e) {
-					return call_impl(typename sprout::index_range<0, sizeof...(Args)>::type());
+					return call_impl(sprout::index_range<0, sizeof...(Args)>::make());
 				}
 			};
 			template<typename Tag, typename... Args>
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				}
 			public:
 				static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR type call(src_type const& e) {
-					return call_impl(typename sprout::index_range<0, sizeof...(Args)>::type());
+					return call_impl(sprout::index_range<0, sizeof...(Args)>::make());
 				}
 			};
 		}	// namespace detail
diff --git a/sprout/breed/transform/pass_through.hpp b/sprout/breed/transform/pass_through.hpp
index 3c4a032c..33bb62d1 100644
--- a/sprout/breed/transform/pass_through.hpp
+++ b/sprout/breed/transform/pass_through.hpp
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					typename pass_through_impl::data_param d
 					) const
 				{
-					return call_impl(e, s, d, typename sprout::index_range<0, Arity>::type());
+					return call_impl(e, s, d, sprout::index_range<0, Arity>::make());
 				}
 			};
 			template<typename Grammar, typename Expr, typename State, typename Data>
diff --git a/sprout/darkroom/pixels/generate.hpp b/sprout/darkroom/pixels/generate.hpp
index 05519a17..d264a0f1 100644
--- a/sprout/darkroom/pixels/generate.hpp
+++ b/sprout/darkroom/pixels/generate.hpp
@@ -106,12 +106,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 							width,
 							height,
 							depth_max,
-							typename sprout::index_range<
+							sprout::index_range<
 								0,
 								sprout::container_traits<
 									typename sprout::container_traits<Pixels>::value_type
 									>::static_size
-								>::type()
+								>::make()
 							)...
 						);
 				}
@@ -162,10 +162,10 @@ namespace sprout {
 					width,
 					height,
 					depth_max,
-					typename sprout::index_range<
+					sprout::index_range<
 						0,
 						sprout::container_traits<Pixels>::static_size
-						>::type()
+						>::make()
 					);
 			}
 
diff --git a/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp b/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp
index 08d98e44..e7675d94 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR auto operator()(CVArg& arg, sprout::tuples::tuple<Args...>& tuple) const volatile
 				-> decltype(arg(std::declval<Args>()...))
 			{
-				return call(arg, tuple, typename sprout::index_range<0, sizeof...(Args)>::type());
+				return call(arg, tuple, sprout::index_range<0, sizeof...(Args)>::make());
 			}
 		};
 		template<typename Arg>
diff --git a/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/dft.hpp b/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/dft.hpp
index ae667357..44ede9fb 100644
--- a/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/dft.hpp
+++ b/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/dft.hpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					first,
 					last,
 					result,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
diff --git a/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/idft.hpp b/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/idft.hpp
index a5cc4933..67893689 100644
--- a/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/idft.hpp
+++ b/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/idft.hpp
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					first,
 					last,
 					result,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
diff --git a/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/spectrum.hpp b/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/spectrum.hpp
index 7a2324f9..a41254ba 100644
--- a/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/spectrum.hpp
+++ b/sprout/numeric/dft/fixed/spectrum.hpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					first,
 					last,
 					result,
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::type(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size>::make(),
 					sprout::internal_begin_offset(result),
 					sprout::size(result),
 					NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(first, last)
diff --git a/sprout/numeric/fft/fixed/bitrev_table.hpp b/sprout/numeric/fft/fixed/bitrev_table.hpp
index c545de70..c8c1d138 100644
--- a/sprout/numeric/fft/fixed/bitrev_table.hpp
+++ b/sprout/numeric/fft/fixed/bitrev_table.hpp
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::bitrev_table_impl(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::empty(cont)
 					? 0
 					: sprout::bit_length(sprout::size(cont) - 1)
diff --git a/sprout/numeric/fixed/iota.hpp b/sprout/numeric/fixed/iota.hpp
index 0b3f29eb..ffd2d60d 100644
--- a/sprout/numeric/fixed/iota.hpp
+++ b/sprout/numeric/fixed/iota.hpp
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::iota_impl(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<Container>::static_size>::make(),
 				value,
 				sprout::internal_begin_offset(cont),
 				sprout::size(cont)
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/append.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/append.hpp
index 84b285b2..2ab86bb4 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/append.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/append.hpp
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::append_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append<Container, Input>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append<Container, Input>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append<Container, Input>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), pos),
 				sprout::size(input),
 				input
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::append_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append<Container, Input>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append<Container, Input>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append<Container, Input>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), pos)),
 				sprout::size(input),
 				input
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/append_back.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/append_back.hpp
index dc11edde..c4959638 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/append_back.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/append_back.hpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::append_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append_back<Container, Input>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append_back<Container, Input>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append_back<Container, Input>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_end_offset(cont),
 				sprout::size(input),
 				input
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/append_front.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/append_front.hpp
index 471263c8..f5251fe3 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/append_front.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/append_front.hpp
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::append_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append_front<Container, Input>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append_front<Container, Input>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::append_front<Container, Input>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_begin_offset(cont),
 				sprout::size(input),
 				input
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/erase.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/erase.hpp
index 6b5ba538..b069bb7b 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/erase.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/erase.hpp
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::erase_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase<Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase<Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase<Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), pos)
 				);
 		}
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::erase_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase<Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase<Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase<Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), pos))
 				);
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/erase_n.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/erase_n.hpp
index aa9d6dd7..241c3ebe 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/erase_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/erase_n.hpp
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::erase_n_impl<N, typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase_n<N, Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase_n<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase_n<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), pos)
 				);
 		}
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::erase_n_impl<N, typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase_n<N, Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase_n<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::erase_n<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), pos))
 				);
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/insert.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/insert.hpp
index d2510dee..5e2eecbb 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/insert.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/insert.hpp
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::insert_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert<Container, T, Values...>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert<Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert<Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), pos),
 				v,
 				values...
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::insert_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert<Container, T, Values...>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert<Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert<Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), pos)),
 				v,
 				values...
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/insert_n.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/insert_n.hpp
index ccec4f66..f38fe47e 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/insert_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/insert_n.hpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::insert_n_impl<N, typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), pos),
 				v,
 				values...
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::insert_n_impl<N, typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::insert_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), pos)),
 				v,
 				values...
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_back.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_back.hpp
index 16f27e29..f450ecea 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_back.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_back.hpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::erase_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_back<Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_back<Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_back<Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_end_offset(cont) - 1
 				);
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_back_n.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_back_n.hpp
index f4bea30c..fc34e0ce 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_back_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_back_n.hpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::erase_n_impl<N, typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_back_n<N, Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_back_n<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_back_n<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_end_offset(cont) - N
 				);
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_front.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_front.hpp
index b313ef7e..66ecedb5 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_front.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_front.hpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::erase_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_front<Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_front<Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_front<Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_begin_offset(cont)
 				);
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_front_n.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_front_n.hpp
index 6d7ab78e..34419080 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_front_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/pop_front_n.hpp
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::erase_n_impl<N, typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_front_n<N, Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_front_n<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::pop_front_n<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_begin_offset(cont)
 				);
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/push_back.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/push_back.hpp
index 5d88a43d..c57b6ab5 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/push_back.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/push_back.hpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::insert_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_back<Container, T, Values...>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_back<Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_back<Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_end_offset(cont),
 				v,
 				values...
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/push_back_n.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/push_back_n.hpp
index 23d1d1f2..a9660030 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/push_back_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/push_back_n.hpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::insert_n_impl<N, typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_back_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_back_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_back_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_end_offset(cont),
 				v,
 				values...
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/push_front.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/push_front.hpp
index 779b3b18..ce25c589 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/push_front.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/push_front.hpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::insert_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_front<Container, T, Values...>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_front<Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_front<Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_begin_offset(cont),
 				v,
 				values...
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/push_front_n.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/push_front_n.hpp
index 44f0d435..ad7a8a3d 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/push_front_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/push_front_n.hpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::insert_n_impl<N, typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_front_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_front_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::push_front_n<N, Container, T, Values...>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::internal_begin_offset(cont),
 				v,
 				values...
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/realign.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/realign.hpp
index e6698377..cbfb22b4 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/realign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/realign.hpp
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::realign_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign<Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign<Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign<Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::size(cont),
 				v
 				);
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::realign_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign<Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign<Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign<Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::size(cont)
 				);
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/realign_to.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/realign_to.hpp
index 2bc85174..1c83c7ff 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/realign_to.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/realign_to.hpp
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::realign_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign_to<Result, Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign_to<Result, Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign_to<Result, Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::size(cont),
 				v
 				);
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::realign_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign_to<Result, Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign_to<Result, Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::realign_to<Result, Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::size(cont)
 				);
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/resize.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/resize.hpp
index 01a3b14a..bfe3723b 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/resize.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/resize.hpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::resize_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize<N, Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::size(cont),
 				v
 				);
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			)
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::resize_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize<N, Container>::type>(
-				cont, typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				cont, sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::size(cont)
 				);
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/resize_backward.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/resize_backward.hpp
index 5cd6d622..6565aad7 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/resize_backward.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/resize_backward.hpp
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::resize_backward_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize_backward<N, Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize_backward<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize_backward<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::size(cont),
 				static_cast<typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::difference_type>(
 					sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize_backward<N, Container>::type>::static_size
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::resize_backward_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize_backward<N, Container>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize_backward<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize_backward<N, Container>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				sprout::size(cont),
 				static_cast<typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::difference_type>(
 					sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::resize_backward<N, Container>::type>::static_size
diff --git a/sprout/operation/fixed/set.hpp b/sprout/operation/fixed/set.hpp
index 30d9609e..e8c66b5e 100644
--- a/sprout/operation/fixed/set.hpp
+++ b/sprout/operation/fixed/set.hpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::set_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::set<Container, T>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::set<Container, T>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::set<Container, T>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), pos),
 				v
 				);
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::set_impl<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::set<Container, T>::type>(
 				cont,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::set<Container, T>::type>::static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::container_traits<typename sprout::fixed::result_of::set<Container, T>::type>::static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::internal_begin(cont), sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), pos)),
 				v
 				);
diff --git a/sprout/string/shrink.hpp b/sprout/string/shrink.hpp
index 9a9770eb..9ee38bec 100644
--- a/sprout/string/shrink.hpp
+++ b/sprout/string/shrink.hpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/index_tuple.hpp>
+#include <sprout/string/char_traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/string/string.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/value_holder.hpp>
 #include HDR_ALGORITHM_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT
@@ -12,14 +13,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// shrink_string
 	//
-	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits>
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N, typename Traits = sprout::char_traits<T> >
 	class shrink_string {
 	public:
 		typedef sprout::basic_string<T, N, Traits> string_type;
 	private:
 		typedef sprout::value_holder<string_type const&> holder_type;
-	public:
-		typedef typename holder_type::param_type param_type;
 	private:
 		template<std::size_t M, sprout::index_t... Indexes>
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<T, sizeof...(Indexes), Traits> implicit_conversion_impl(
@@ -35,9 +34,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 	public:
 		shrink_string(shrink_string const&) = default;
 		shrink_string(shrink_string&&) = default;
-		explicit SPROUT_CONSTEXPR shrink_string(param_type p)
-			: holder_(p)
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR shrink_string(string_type const& s)
+			: holder_(s)
 		{}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR operator string_type const&() const {
+			return holder_.get();
+		}
 		template<std::size_t N2>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR operator sprout::basic_string<T, N2, Traits>() const {
 			return implicit_conversion_impl(
diff --git a/sprout/string/string.hpp b/sprout/string/string.hpp
index 265cc67f..5ecf31ec 100644
--- a/sprout/string/string.hpp
+++ b/sprout/string/string.hpp
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	public:
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR basic_string<T, N, Traits> from_c_str(value_type const* s, size_type n) {
 			return !(N < n)
-				? from_c_str_impl(s, n, typename sprout::index_range<0, N>::type())
+				? from_c_str_impl(s, n, sprout::index_range<0, N>::make())
 				: throw std::out_of_range("basic_string<>: index out of range")
 				;
 		}
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return implicit_conversion_impl(
 				elems,
 				len,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, N2>::type()
+				sprout::index_range<0, N2>::make()
 				);
 		}
 		pointer c_array() SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	}	// namespace detail
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::basic_string<T, N - 1> to_string(T const(& arr)[N]) {
-		return sprout::detail::to_string_impl(arr, typename sprout::index_range<0, N - 1>::type());
+		return sprout::detail::to_string_impl(arr, sprout::index_range<0, N - 1>::make());
 	}
 
 	//
diff --git a/sprout/sub_array.hpp b/sprout/sub_array.hpp
index 78bd6b22..56bf2e35 100644
--- a/sprout/sub_array.hpp
+++ b/sprout/sub_array.hpp
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			: impl_type(
 				array_tag(),
 				arr,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, static_size>::make(),
 				first,
 				last
 				)
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			: impl_type(
 				array_tag(),
 				arr,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, static_size>::make(),
 				first,
 				last
 				)
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			: impl_type(
 				array_tag(),
 				impl_type::template to_param<Container>(other.array_),
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, static_size>::make(),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::begin(other.get_array()), first),
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::distance(sprout::begin(other.get_array()), last)
 				)
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			: impl_type(
 				array_tag(),
 				impl_type::template to_param<Container>(other.array_),
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, static_size>::type(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, static_size>::make(),
 				first + other.first_,
 				last + other.first_
 				)
diff --git a/sprout/tuple/algorithm/copy.hpp b/sprout/tuple/algorithm/copy.hpp
index 10b2ba4a..a5f6de5f 100644
--- a/sprout/tuple/algorithm/copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/tuple/algorithm/copy.hpp
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 				return sprout::tuples::detail::copy_impl<typename sprout::tuples::result_of::copy<Tuple, InputTuple>::type>(
 					t,
 					input,
-					typename sprout::index_range<sprout::tuples::tuple_size<InputTuple>::value, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::type(),
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<InputTuple>::value>::type()
+					sprout::index_range<sprout::tuples::tuple_size<InputTuple>::value, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::make(),
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<InputTuple>::value>::make()
 					);
 			}
 			template<typename Tuple, typename InputTuple>
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					t,
 					input,
 					sprout::index_tuple<>(),
-					typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::type()
+					sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::make()
 					);
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
diff --git a/sprout/tuple/operation/append_back.hpp b/sprout/tuple/operation/append_back.hpp
index d5d447fc..4c700053 100644
--- a/sprout/tuple/operation/append_back.hpp
+++ b/sprout/tuple/operation/append_back.hpp
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return sprout::tuples::detail::append_back_impl<typename sprout::tuples::result_of::append_back<Tuple, InputTuple>::type>(
 				t,
 				input,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::type(),
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<InputTuple>::value>::type()
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::make(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<InputTuple>::value>::make()
 				);
 		}
 	}	// namespace tuples
diff --git a/sprout/tuple/operation/append_front.hpp b/sprout/tuple/operation/append_front.hpp
index f01db28c..11249f90 100644
--- a/sprout/tuple/operation/append_front.hpp
+++ b/sprout/tuple/operation/append_front.hpp
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return sprout::tuples::detail::append_front_impl<typename sprout::tuples::result_of::append_front<Tuple, InputTuple>::type>(
 				t,
 				input,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::type(),
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<InputTuple>::value>::type()
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::make(),
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<InputTuple>::value>::make()
 				);
 		}
 	}	// namespace tuples
diff --git a/sprout/tuple/operation/push_back.hpp b/sprout/tuple/operation/push_back.hpp
index 86f546a7..dc8f5383 100644
--- a/sprout/tuple/operation/push_back.hpp
+++ b/sprout/tuple/operation/push_back.hpp
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return sprout::tuples::detail::push_back_impl<typename sprout::tuples::result_of::push_back<Tuple, T>::type>(
 				t,
 				v,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::type()
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::make()
 				);
 		}
 	}	// namespace tuples
diff --git a/sprout/tuple/operation/push_front.hpp b/sprout/tuple/operation/push_front.hpp
index be1e28c7..6b7032bb 100644
--- a/sprout/tuple/operation/push_front.hpp
+++ b/sprout/tuple/operation/push_front.hpp
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return sprout::tuples::detail::push_front_impl<typename sprout::tuples::result_of::push_front<Tuple, T>::type>(
 				t,
 				v,
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::type()
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::tuples::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>::make()
 				);
 		}
 	}	// namespace tuples
diff --git a/sprout/type/string/to_string_constant.hpp b/sprout/type/string/to_string_constant.hpp
index 228f0a47..80791f60 100644
--- a/sprout/type/string/to_string_constant.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type/string/to_string_constant.hpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			sprout::types::detail::str_length<Sequence>::value
 		> to_string_constant() {
 			return sprout::types::detail::to_string_constant_impl<Sequence>(
-				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::types::detail::str_length<Sequence>::value>::type()
+				sprout::index_range<0, sprout::types::detail::str_length<Sequence>::value>::make()
 				);
 		}
 	}	// namespace types
diff --git a/sprout/type_traits/inherit_if_xxx.hpp b/sprout/type_traits/inherit_if_xxx.hpp
index d67078fb..fe414b01 100644
--- a/sprout/type_traits/inherit_if_xxx.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type_traits/inherit_if_xxx.hpp
@@ -48,10 +48,10 @@
 		typename std::enable_if<SPROUT_PP_CAT(SPROUT_PP_CAT(sprout_inherit_if_xxx_constant_def_impl_has_, CONSTANT), __LINE__)<T>::value>::type \
 	> { \
 	public: \
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR decltype(T::CONSTANT) ALIAS = T::CONSTANT; \
+		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR typename std::decay<decltype(T::CONSTANT)>::type ALIAS = T::CONSTANT; \
 	}; \
 	template<typename T> \
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(T::CONSTANT) NAME< \
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::decay<decltype(T::CONSTANT)>::type NAME< \
 		T, \
 		typename std::enable_if<SPROUT_PP_CAT(SPROUT_PP_CAT(sprout_inherit_if_xxx_constant_def_impl_has_, CONSTANT), __LINE__)<T>::value>::type \
 	>::ALIAS
diff --git a/sprout/variant/variant.hpp b/sprout/variant/variant.hpp
index 9f24dbf5..ea335353 100644
--- a/sprout/variant/variant.hpp
+++ b/sprout/variant/variant.hpp
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			{}
 			template<typename T, typename Index>
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR variant_impl(T&& operand, Index)
-				: tuple_(init(sprout::forward<T>(operand), typename sprout::index_range<0, Index::value>::type()))
+				: tuple_(init(sprout::forward<T>(operand), sprout::index_range<0, Index::value>::make()))
 				, which_(Index::value)
 			{
 				static_assert(Index::value < sizeof...(Types), "variant<>: invalid operand");