diff --git a/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp b/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp
index cf449a5a..08d98e44 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/bind/bind.hpp
@@ -58,36 +58,38 @@ namespace sprout {
 	struct placeholder {};
 
 	namespace placeholders {
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<1> _1;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<2> _2;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<3> _3;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<4> _4;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<5> _5;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<6> _6;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<7> _7;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<8> _8;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<9> _9;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<10> _10;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<11> _11;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<12> _12;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<13> _13;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<14> _14;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<15> _15;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<16> _16;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<17> _17;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<18> _18;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<19> _19;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<20> _20;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<21> _21;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<22> _22;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<23> _23;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<24> _24;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<25> _25;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<26> _26;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<27> _27;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<28> _28;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<29> _29;
-		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<30> _30;
+		namespace {
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<1> _1{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<2> _2{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<3> _3{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<4> _4{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<5> _5{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<6> _6{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<7> _7{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<8> _8{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<9> _9{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<10> _10{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<11> _11{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<12> _12{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<13> _13{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<14> _14{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<15> _15{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<16> _16{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<17> _17{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<18> _18{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<19> _19{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<20> _20{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<21> _21{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<22> _22{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<23> _23{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<24> _24{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<25> _25{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<26> _26{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<27> _27{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<28> _28{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<29> _29{};
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::placeholder<30> _30{};
+		}	// anonymous-namespace
 	}	// namespace placeholders
 	using sprout::placeholders::_1;
 	using sprout::placeholders::_2;
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp
index 34c414d6..02b042b7 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp
@@ -162,10 +162,10 @@ namespace sprout {
 		return !(lhs < rhs);
 	}
 	template<typename Iterator1, typename Iterator2>
-	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR auto operator-(
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<Iterator1>() - std::declval<Iterator2>()) operator-(
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator1> const& lhs,
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator2> const& rhs
-		) -> decltype(lhs.base() - rhs.base())
+		)
 	{
 		return lhs.base() - rhs.base();
 	}
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/transform_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/transform_iterator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4576d621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/iterator/transform_iterator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,441 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_ITERATOR_TRANSFORM_ITERATOR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_ITERATOR_TRANSFORM_ITERATOR_HPP
+
+#include <iterator>
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/next.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/prev.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/distance.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// transform_iterator
+	//
+	template<typename BinaryFunction, typename LIterator, typename RIterator = void>
+	class transform_iterator
+		: public std::iterator<
+			typename std::iterator_traits<LIterator>::iterator_category,
+			typename std::remove_reference<
+				typename std::result_of<
+					BinaryFunction (
+						typename std::iterator_traits<LIterator>::reference,
+						typename std::iterator_traits<RIterator>::reference
+						)
+				>::type
+			>::type,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<LIterator>::difference_type,
+			typename std::remove_reference<
+				typename std::result_of<
+					BinaryFunction (
+						typename std::iterator_traits<LIterator>::reference,
+						typename std::iterator_traits<RIterator>::reference
+						)
+				>::type
+			>::type*,
+			typename std::result_of<
+				BinaryFunction (
+					typename std::iterator_traits<LIterator>::reference,
+					typename std::iterator_traits<RIterator>::reference
+					)
+			>::type
+		>
+	{
+	public:
+		typedef BinaryFunction functor_type;
+		typedef LIterator iterator_type;
+		typedef RIterator iterator2_type;
+		typedef typename std::iterator_traits<iterator_type>::iterator_category iterator_category;
+		typedef typename std::result_of<
+			BinaryFunction (
+				typename std::iterator_traits<LIterator>::reference,
+				typename std::iterator_traits<RIterator>::reference
+				)
+		>::type reference;
+		typedef typename std::remove_reference<reference>::type value_type;
+		typedef typename std::iterator_traits<iterator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+		typedef value_type* pointer;
+	protected:
+		iterator_type current;
+		iterator2_type current2;
+		functor_type func;
+	public:
+		transform_iterator() = default;
+		transform_iterator(transform_iterator const&) = default;
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator(iterator_type it, iterator2_type it2)
+			: current(it)
+			, current2(it2)
+		{}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator(iterator_type it, iterator2_type it2, functor_type func)
+			: current(it)
+			, current2(it2)
+			, func(func)
+		{}
+		template<typename U, typename V, typename W>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator(transform_iterator<U, V, W> const& it)
+			: current(it.current)
+			, current2(it.current2)
+			, func(it.func)
+		{}
+		template<typename U, typename V, typename W>
+		transform_iterator& operator=(transform_iterator<U, V, W> const& it) {
+			transform_iterator temp(it);
+			temp.swap(*this);
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR iterator_type base() const {
+			return current;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR iterator_type base2() const {
+			return current2;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR functor_type functor() const {
+			return func;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
+			return func(*current, *current2);
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR pointer operator->() const {
+			return &func(*current, *current2);
+		}
+		transform_iterator& operator++() {
+			++current;
+			++current2;
+			return *this;
+		}
+		transform_iterator operator++(int) {
+			transform_iterator result(*this);
+			++current;
+			++current2;
+			return result;
+		}
+		transform_iterator& operator--() {
+			--current;
+			--current2;
+			return *this;
+		}
+		transform_iterator operator--(int) {
+			transform_iterator temp(*this);
+			--current;
+			--current2;
+			return temp;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator operator+(difference_type n) const {
+			return transform_iterator(current + n, current2 + n, func);
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator operator-(difference_type n) const {
+			return transform_iterator(current - n, current2 - n, func);
+		}
+		transform_iterator& operator+=(difference_type n) {
+			transform_iterator temp(current + n, current2 + n, func);
+			temp.swap(*this);
+			return *this;
+		}
+		transform_iterator& operator-=(difference_type n) {
+			transform_iterator temp(current - n, current2 - n, func);
+			temp.swap(*this);
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
+			return func(current[n], current2[n]);
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator next() const {
+			return transform_iterator(sprout::next(current), sprout::next(current2), func);
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator prev() const {
+			return transform_iterator(sprout::prev(current), sprout::prev(current2), func);
+		}
+		void swap(transform_iterator& other) {
+			using std::swap;
+			swap(current, other.current);
+			swap(current2, other.current2);
+			swap(func, other.func);
+		}
+	};
+
+	//
+	// transform_iterator
+	//
+	template<typename UnaryFunction, typename Iterator>
+	class transform_iterator<UnaryFunction, Iterator, void>
+		: public std::iterator<
+			typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category,
+			typename std::remove_reference<
+				typename std::result_of<
+					UnaryFunction (typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference)
+				>::type
+			>::type,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type,
+			typename std::remove_reference<
+				typename std::result_of<
+					UnaryFunction (typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference)
+				>::type
+			>::type*,
+			typename std::result_of<
+				UnaryFunction (typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference)
+			>::type
+		>
+	{
+	public:
+		typedef UnaryFunction functor_type;
+		typedef Iterator iterator_type;
+		typedef typename std::iterator_traits<iterator_type>::iterator_category iterator_category;
+		typedef typename std::result_of<
+			UnaryFunction (typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference)
+		>::type reference;
+		typedef typename std::remove_reference<reference>::type value_type;
+		typedef typename std::iterator_traits<iterator_type>::difference_type difference_type;
+		typedef value_type* pointer;
+	protected:
+		iterator_type current;
+		functor_type func;
+	public:
+		transform_iterator() = default;
+		transform_iterator(transform_iterator const&) = default;
+		explicit SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator(iterator_type it)
+			: current(it)
+		{}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator(iterator_type it, functor_type func)
+			: current(it)
+			, func(func)
+		{}
+		template<typename U, typename V>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator(transform_iterator<U, V> const& it)
+			: current(it.current)
+			, func(it.func)
+		{}
+		template<typename U, typename V>
+		transform_iterator& operator=(transform_iterator<U, V> const& it) {
+			transform_iterator temp(it);
+			temp.swap(*this);
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR iterator_type base() const {
+			return current;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR functor_type functor() const {
+			return func;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
+			return func(*current);
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR pointer operator->() const {
+			return &func(*current);
+		}
+		transform_iterator& operator++() {
+			++current;
+			return *this;
+		}
+		transform_iterator operator++(int) {
+			transform_iterator result(*this);
+			++current;
+			return result;
+		}
+		transform_iterator& operator--() {
+			--current;
+			return *this;
+		}
+		transform_iterator operator--(int) {
+			transform_iterator temp(*this);
+			--current;
+			return temp;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator operator+(difference_type n) const {
+			return transform_iterator(current + n, func);
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator operator-(difference_type n) const {
+			return transform_iterator(current - n, func);
+		}
+		transform_iterator& operator+=(difference_type n) {
+			transform_iterator temp(current + n, func);
+			temp.swap(*this);
+			return *this;
+		}
+		transform_iterator& operator-=(difference_type n) {
+			transform_iterator temp(current - n, func);
+			temp.swap(*this);
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
+			return func(current[n]);
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator next() const {
+			return transform_iterator(sprout::next(current), func);
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_iterator prev() const {
+			return transform_iterator(sprout::prev(current), func);
+		}
+		void swap(transform_iterator& other) {
+			using std::swap;
+			swap(current, other.current);
+			swap(func, other.func);
+		}
+	};
+
+	template<
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, typename LIterator1, typename RIterator1,
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, typename LIterator2, typename RIterator2
+	>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator==(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, LIterator1, RIterator1> const& lhs,
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, LIterator2, RIterator2> const& rhs
+		)
+	{
+		return lhs.base() == rhs.base();
+	}
+	template<
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, typename LIterator1, typename RIterator1,
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, typename LIterator2, typename RIterator2
+	>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator!=(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, LIterator1, RIterator1> const& lhs,
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, LIterator2, RIterator2> const& rhs
+		)
+	{
+		return !(lhs == rhs);
+	}
+	template<
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, typename LIterator1, typename RIterator1,
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, typename LIterator2, typename RIterator2
+	>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, LIterator1, RIterator1> const& lhs,
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, LIterator2, RIterator2> const& rhs
+		)
+	{
+		return lhs.base() < rhs.base();
+	}
+	template<
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, typename LIterator1, typename RIterator1,
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, typename LIterator2, typename RIterator2
+	>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator>(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, LIterator1, RIterator1> const& lhs,
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, LIterator2, RIterator2> const& rhs
+		)
+	{
+		return rhs < lhs;
+	}
+	template<
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, typename LIterator1, typename RIterator1,
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, typename LIterator2, typename RIterator2
+	>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<=(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, LIterator1, RIterator1> const& lhs,
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, LIterator2, RIterator2> const& rhs
+		)
+	{
+		return !(rhs < lhs);
+	}
+	template<
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, typename LIterator1, typename RIterator1,
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, typename LIterator2, typename RIterator2
+	>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator>=(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, LIterator1, RIterator1> const& lhs,
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, LIterator2, RIterator2> const& rhs
+		)
+	{
+		return !(lhs < rhs);
+	}
+	template<
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, typename LIterator1, typename RIterator1,
+		typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, typename LIterator2, typename RIterator2
+	>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<LIterator1>() - std::declval<LIterator2>()) operator-(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction1, LIterator1, RIterator1> const& lhs,
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction2, LIterator2, RIterator2> const& rhs
+		)
+	{
+		return lhs.base() - rhs.base();
+	}
+	template<typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction, typename LIterator, typename RIterator>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> operator+(
+		typename sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator>::difference_type n,
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> const& it
+		)
+	{
+		return it + n;
+	}
+
+	//
+	// make_transform_iterator
+	//
+	template<typename BinaryFunction, typename LIterator, typename RIterator>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::transform_iterator<BinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator>
+	make_transform_iterator(LIterator it1, RIterator it2, BinaryFunction func) {
+		return sprout::transform_iterator<BinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator>(it1, it2, func);
+	}
+	template<typename UnaryFunction, typename Iterator>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryFunction, Iterator>
+	make_transform_iterator(Iterator it, UnaryFunction func) {
+		return sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryFunction, Iterator>(it, func);
+	}
+
+	//
+	// swap
+	//
+	template<typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction, typename LIterator, typename RIterator>
+	void swap(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator>& lhs,
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator>& rhs
+		)
+		SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(lhs.swap(rhs)))
+	{
+		lhs.swap(rhs);
+	}
+
+	//
+	// next
+	//
+	template<typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction, typename LIterator, typename RIterator>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> next(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> const& it
+		)
+	{
+		return it.next();
+	}
+	template<typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction, typename LIterator, typename RIterator>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> next(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> const& it,
+		typename sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator>::difference_type n
+		)
+	{
+		return it + n;
+	}
+
+	//
+	// prev
+	//
+	template<typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction, typename LIterator, typename RIterator>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> prev(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> const& it
+		)
+	{
+		return it.prev();
+	}
+	template<typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction, typename LIterator, typename RIterator>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> prev(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> const& it,
+		typename sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator>::difference_type n
+		)
+	{
+		return it - n;
+	}
+
+	//
+	// distance
+	//
+	template<typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction, typename LIterator, typename RIterator>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::iterator_traits<sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> >::difference_type
+	distance(
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> first,
+		sprout::transform_iterator<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LIterator, RIterator> last
+		)
+	{
+		return last - first;
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_ITERATOR_TRANSFORM_ITERATOR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/pit.hpp b/sprout/pit.hpp
index 53ba3d14..f21914c9 100644
--- a/sprout/pit.hpp
+++ b/sprout/pit.hpp
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			Args&&... args
 			)
 		{
-			return sprout::remake<Container>(sprout::forward<Cont>(cont), size, sprout::forward<Args>(args)...);
+			return sprout::remake<copied_type>(sprout::forward<Cont>(cont), size, sprout::forward<Args>(args)...);
 		}
 	};
 
diff --git a/sprout/range/adaptor.hpp b/sprout/range/adaptor.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee511955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/range/adaptor.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/adaptor/transformed.hpp>
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/range/adaptor/transformed.hpp b/sprout/range/adaptor/transformed.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42ea8abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/range/adaptor/transformed.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_TRANSFORMD_HPP
+#define SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_TRANSFORMD_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/transform_iterator.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/range_container.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/algorithm/copy.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/lvalue_reference.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/lvalue_forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/value_holder.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace range {
+		//
+		// transformed_range
+		//
+		template<typename BinaryFunction, typename LRange, typename RRange = void>
+		class transformed_range
+			: public sprout::range::range_container<
+				sprout::transform_iterator<
+					BinaryFunction, 
+					typename sprout::container_traits<LRange>::iterator,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<RRange>::iterator
+				>
+			>
+			, public sprout::detail::inherit_if_fixed_size<LRange>
+		{
+		public:
+			typedef BinaryFunction functor_type;
+			typedef LRange range_type;
+			typedef RRange range2_type;
+			typedef sprout::range::range_container<
+				sprout::transform_iterator<
+					BinaryFunction, 
+					typename sprout::container_traits<LRange>::iterator,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<RRange>::iterator
+				>
+			> base_type;
+			typedef typename base_type::iterator iterator;
+			typedef typename base_type::size_type size_type;
+		public:
+			transformed_range() = default;
+			transformed_range(transformed_range const&) = default;
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transformed_range(functor_type func, range_type& range1, range2_type& range2)
+				: base_type(
+					iterator(sprout::begin(range1), sprout::begin(range2), func),
+					iterator(sprout::end(range1), sprout::end(range2), func)
+					)
+			{}
+		};
+
+		template<typename UnaryFunction, typename Range>
+		class transformed_range<UnaryFunction, Range, void>
+			: public sprout::range::range_container<
+				sprout::transform_iterator<
+					UnaryFunction, 
+					typename sprout::container_traits<Range>::iterator
+				>
+			>
+			, public sprout::detail::inherit_if_fixed_size<Range>
+		{
+		public:
+			typedef UnaryFunction functor_type;
+			typedef Range range_type;
+			typedef sprout::range::range_container<
+				sprout::transform_iterator<
+					UnaryFunction, 
+					typename sprout::container_traits<Range>::iterator
+				>
+			> base_type;
+			typedef typename base_type::iterator iterator;
+		public:
+			transformed_range() = default;
+			transformed_range(transformed_range const&) = default;
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transformed_range(functor_type func, range_type& range)
+				: base_type(
+					iterator(sprout::begin(range), func),
+					iterator(sprout::end(range), func)
+					)
+			{}
+		};
+
+		//
+		// transform_holder
+		//
+		template<typename BinaryFunction, typename RRange = void>
+		class transform_holder {
+		public:
+			typedef BinaryFunction functor_type;
+			typedef RRange range2_type;
+		private:
+			functor_type func_;
+			sprout::value_holder<range2_type&> range_;
+		public:
+			transform_holder() = default;
+			transform_holder(transform_holder const&) = default;
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_holder(functor_type func, range2_type& range)
+				: func_(func)
+				, range_(range)
+			{}
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR functor_type functor() const {
+				return func_;
+			}
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR range2_type& range() const {
+				return range_;
+			}
+		};
+		template<typename UnaryFunction>
+		class transform_holder<UnaryFunction, void> {
+		public:
+			typedef UnaryFunction functor_type;
+		private:
+			functor_type func_;
+		public:
+			transform_holder() = default;
+			transform_holder(transform_holder const&) = default;
+			explicit SPROUT_CONSTEXPR transform_holder(functor_type func)
+				: func_(func)
+			{}
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR functor_type functor() const {
+				return func_;
+			}
+		};
+
+		//
+		// transformed_forwarder
+		//
+		class transformed_forwarder {
+		public:
+			template<typename RRange, typename BinaryFunction>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::range::transform_holder<
+				BinaryFunction,
+				typename std::remove_reference<typename sprout::lvalue_reference<RRange>::type>::type
+			>
+			operator()(RRange&& range, BinaryFunction func) {
+				return sprout::range::transform_holder<
+					BinaryFunction,
+					typename std::remove_reference<typename sprout::lvalue_reference<RRange>::type>::type
+				> (
+					func,
+					sprout::lvalue_forward<RRange>(range)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename UnaryFunction>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::range::transform_holder<UnaryFunction>
+			operator()(UnaryFunction func) {
+				return sprout::range::transform_holder<UnaryFunction>(func);
+			}
+		};
+
+		//
+		// transformed
+		//
+		namespace {
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR sprout::range::transformed_forwarder transformed{};
+		}	// anonymous-namespace
+
+		//
+		// operator|
+		//
+		template<typename LRange, typename BinaryFunction, typename RRange>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::range::transformed_range<
+			BinaryFunction,
+			typename std::remove_reference<typename sprout::lvalue_reference<LRange>::type>::type,
+			RRange
+		>
+		operator|(LRange&& lhs, sprout::range::transform_holder<BinaryFunction, RRange> const& rhs) {
+			return sprout::range::transformed_range<
+				BinaryFunction,
+				typename std::remove_reference<typename sprout::lvalue_reference<LRange>::type>::type,
+				RRange
+			>(
+				rhs.functor(),
+				sprout::lvalue_forward<LRange>(lhs),
+				rhs.range()
+				);
+		}
+		template<typename Range, typename UnaryFunction>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::range::transformed_range<
+			UnaryFunction,
+			typename std::remove_reference<typename sprout::lvalue_reference<Range>::type>::type
+		>
+		operator|(Range&& lhs, sprout::range::transform_holder<UnaryFunction> const& rhs) {
+			return sprout::range::transformed_range<
+				UnaryFunction,
+				typename std::remove_reference<typename sprout::lvalue_reference<Range>::type>::type
+			>(
+				rhs.functor(),
+				sprout::lvalue_forward<Range>(lhs)
+				);
+		}
+	}	// namespace range
+	//
+	// container_construct_traits
+	//
+	template<typename UnaryOrBinaryFunction, typename LRange, typename RRange>
+	struct container_construct_traits<sprout::range::transformed_range<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LRange, RRange> > {
+	public:
+		typedef typename sprout::container_construct_traits<LRange>::copied_type copied_type;
+	public:
+		template<typename Cont>
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR copied_type deep_copy(Cont&& cont) {
+			return sprout::range::fixed::copy(sprout::forward<Cont>(cont), sprout::pit<copied_type>());
+		}
+		template<typename... Args>
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR copied_type make(Args&&... args) {
+			return sprout::make<copied_type>(sprout::forward<Args>(args)...);
+		}
+		template<typename Cont, typename... Args>
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR copied_type remake(
+			Cont&& cont,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<sprout::range::transformed_range<UnaryOrBinaryFunction, LRange, RRange> >::difference_type size,
+			Args&&... args
+			)
+		{
+			return sprout::remake<copied_type>(sprout::forward<Cont>(cont), size, sprout::forward<Args>(args)...);
+		}
+	};
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_TRANSFORMD_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/range/range_container.hpp b/sprout/range/range_container.hpp
index 7ffb8b4e..e15d594f 100644
--- a/sprout/range/range_container.hpp
+++ b/sprout/range/range_container.hpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/range/lvalue_iterator.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace range {
diff --git a/sprout/tuple/tuple.hpp b/sprout/tuple/tuple.hpp
index 9dfd0c34..f31f8385 100644
--- a/sprout/tuple/tuple.hpp
+++ b/sprout/tuple/tuple.hpp
@@ -13,27 +13,52 @@ namespace sprout {
 		namespace detail {
 			template<std::size_t Index, typename Head, bool IsEmpty>
 			class head_base;
+			//!!!
+			// EBO disabled
+//			template<std::size_t Index, typename Head>
+//			class head_base<Index, Head, true>
+//				: public Head
+//			{
+//			public:
+//				static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Head& head(head_base& t) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+//					return t;
+//				}
+//				static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Head const& head(head_base const& t) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+//					return t;
+//				}
+//			public:
+//				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR head_base()
+//					: Head()
+//				{}
+//				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR head_base(Head const& v)
+//					: Head(v)
+//				{}
+//				template<typename UHead>
+//				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR head_base(UHead&& v)
+//					: Head(sprout::forward<UHead>(v))
+//				{}
+//			};
 			template<std::size_t Index, typename Head>
-			class head_base<Index, Head, true>
-				: public Head
-			{
+			class head_base<Index, Head, true> {
 			public:
 				static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Head& head(head_base& t) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
-					return t;
+					return t.head_;
 				}
 				static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Head const& head(head_base const& t) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
-					return t;
+					return t.head_;
 				}
+			private:
+				Head head_;
 			public:
 				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR head_base()
-					: Head()
+					: head_()
 				{}
 				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR head_base(Head const& v)
-					: Head(v)
+					: head_(v)
 				{}
 				template<typename UHead>
 				SPROUT_CONSTEXPR head_base(UHead&& v)
-					: Head(sprout::forward<UHead>(v))
+					: head_(sprout::forward<UHead>(v))
 				{}
 			};
 			template<std::size_t Index, typename Head>