diff --git a/sprout/bit/clrsb.hpp b/sprout/bit/clrsb.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fea2f41e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/clrsb.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CLRSB_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_CLRSB_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/clz.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+#	if SPROUT_USE_BUILTIN_BIT_OPERATION
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
+		clrsb(unsigned x) {
+			return __builtin_clrsb(x);
+		}
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
+		clrsb(unsigned long x) {
+			return __builtin_clrsbl(x);
+		}
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
+		clrsb(unsigned long long x) {
+			return __builtin_clrsbll(x);
+		}
+#	endif
+		template<typename Integral>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
+		clrsb(Integral x) {
+			return sprout::clz(~x);
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+	//
+	// clrsb
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		int
+	>::type
+	clrsb(Integral x) {
+		return sprout::detail::clrsb(x);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CLRSB_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/bit/clz.hpp b/sprout/bit/clz.hpp
index 0524fe94..c2f5a3f0 100644
--- a/sprout/bit/clz.hpp
+++ b/sprout/bit/clz.hpp
@@ -16,52 +16,59 @@ namespace sprout {
 	namespace detail {
 #	if SPROUT_USE_BUILTIN_BIT_OPERATION
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
-		clz(unsigned n) {
-			return __builtin_clz(n);
+		clz_non0(unsigned x) {
+			return __builtin_clz(x);
 		}
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
-		clz(unsigned long n) {
-			return __builtin_clzl(n);
+		clz_non0(unsigned long x) {
+			return __builtin_clzl(x);
 		}
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
-		clz(unsigned long long n) {
-			return __builtin_clzll(n);
+		clz_non0(unsigned long long x) {
+			return __builtin_clzll(x);
 		}
 #	endif
-		template<typename T>
+		template<typename Integral>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
-		clz_impl(T n, T m = T(1) << (CHAR_BIT * sizeof(T) - 1)) {
-			return m == 0 || n & m ? 0
-				: 1 + sprout::detail::clz_impl(n, static_cast<T>(m >> 1))
+		clz_non0_impl(Integral x, Integral m = Integral(1) << (CHAR_BIT * sizeof(Integral) - 1)) {
+			return m == 0 || x & m ? 0
+				: 1 + sprout::detail::clz_non0_impl(x, static_cast<Integral>(m >> 1))
 				;
 		}
-		template<typename T>
+		template<typename Integral>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			std::is_unsigned<T>::value,
+			std::is_unsigned<Integral>::value,
 			int
 		>::type
-		clz(T n) {
-			return sprout::detail::clz_impl(static_cast<T>(n));
+		clz_non0(Integral x) {
+			return sprout::detail::clz_non0_impl(static_cast<Integral>(x));
 		}
-		template<typename T>
+		template<typename Integral>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			std::is_signed<T>::value,
+			std::is_signed<Integral>::value,
 			int
 		>::type
-		clz(T n) {
-			return sprout::detail::clz(static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type>(n));
+		clz_non0(Integral x) {
+			return sprout::detail::clz_non0(static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<Integral>::type>(x));
+		}
+		template<typename Integral>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
+		clz(Integral x) {
+			return x == 0 ? static_cast<int>(sizeof(x) * CHAR_BIT)
+				: sprout::detail::clz_non0(x)
+				;
 		}
 	}	// namespace detail
 	//
 	// clz
 	//
-	template<typename T>
+	template<typename Integral>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-		std::is_integral<T>::value,
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
 		int
 	>::type
-	clz(T n) {
-		return sprout::detail::clz(n);
+	clz(Integral x) {
+		return sprout::detail::clz(x);
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
diff --git a/sprout/bit/cntl0.hpp b/sprout/bit/cntl0.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e61f7c2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/cntl0.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CNTL0_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_CNTL0_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/clz.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// cntl0
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		int
+	>::type
+	cntl0(Integral x) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		return sprout::clz(x);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CNTL0_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/bit/cntl1.hpp b/sprout/bit/cntl1.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f96fc130
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/cntl1.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CNTL1_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_CNTL1_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/clrsb.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// cntl1
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		int
+	>::type
+	cntl1(Integral x) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		return sprout::clrsb(x);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CNTL0_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/bit/cntt0.hpp b/sprout/bit/cntt0.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a70ebde6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/cntt0.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CNTT0_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_CNTT0_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/ctz.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// cntt0
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		int
+	>::type
+	cntt0(Integral x) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		return sprout::ctz(x);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CNTT0_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/bit/cntt1.hpp b/sprout/bit/cntt1.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4d84140
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/cntt1.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CNTT1_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_CNTT1_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/ctz.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// cntt1
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		int
+	>::type
+	cntt1(Integral x) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		return sprout::ctz(~x);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CNTT1_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/bit/ctz.hpp b/sprout/bit/ctz.hpp
index 534d3cb2..faa8db1f 100644
--- a/sprout/bit/ctz.hpp
+++ b/sprout/bit/ctz.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_CTZ_HPP
 #define SPROUT_BIT_CTZ_HPP
 
+#include <climits>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 
@@ -15,47 +16,54 @@ namespace sprout {
 	namespace detail {
 #	if SPROUT_USE_BUILTIN_BIT_OPERATION
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
-		ctz(unsigned n) {
-			return __builtin_ctz(n);
+		ctz_non0(unsigned x) {
+			return __builtin_ctz(x);
 		}
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
-		ctz(unsigned long n) {
-			return __builtin_ctzl(n);
+		ctz_non0(unsigned long x) {
+			return __builtin_ctzl(x);
 		}
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
-		ctz(unsigned long long n) {
-			return __builtin_ctzll(n);
+		ctz_non0(unsigned long long x) {
+			return __builtin_ctzll(x);
 		}
 #	endif
-		template<typename T>
+		template<typename Integral>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			std::is_unsigned<T>::value,
+			std::is_unsigned<Integral>::value,
 			int
 		>::type
-		ctz(T n) {
-			return n & 1 ? 0
-				: 1 + sprout::detail::ctz(static_cast<T>(n >> 1))
+		ctz_non0(Integral x) {
+			return x & 1 ? 0
+				: 1 + sprout::detail::ctz_non0(static_cast<Integral>(x >> 1))
 				;
 		}
-		template<typename T>
+		template<typename Integral>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			std::is_signed<T>::value,
+			std::is_signed<Integral>::value,
 			int
 		>::type
-		ctz(T n) {
-			return sprout::detail::ctz(static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<T>::type>(n));
+		ctz_non0(Integral x) {
+			return sprout::detail::ctz_non0(static_cast<typename std::make_unsigned<Integral>::type>(x));
+		}
+		template<typename Integral>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR int
+		ctz(Integral x) {
+			return x == 0 ? static_cast<int>(sizeof(x) * CHAR_BIT)
+				: sprout::detail::ctz_non0(x)
+				;
 		}
 	}	// namespace detail
 	//
 	// ctz
 	//
-	template<typename T>
+	template<typename Integral>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-		std::is_integral<T>::value,
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
 		int
 	>::type
-	ctz(T n) {
-		return sprout::detail::ctz(n);
+	ctz(Integral x) {
+		return sprout::detail::ctz(x);
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
diff --git a/sprout/bit/operation.hpp b/sprout/bit/operation.hpp
index 7a369d5c..0c544ca0 100644
--- a/sprout/bit/operation.hpp
+++ b/sprout/bit/operation.hpp
@@ -9,9 +9,20 @@
 #define SPROUT_BIT_OPERATION_HPP
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/shll.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/shlr.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/shal.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/shar.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/rotl.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/rotr.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/cntl0.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/cntt0.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/cntl1.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/cntt1.hpp>
 #include <sprout/bit/popcount.hpp>
 #include <sprout/bit/clz.hpp>
 #include <sprout/bit/ctz.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/clrsb.hpp>
 #include <sprout/bit/rotate.hpp>
 #include <sprout/bit/reverse.hpp>
 #include <sprout/bit/length.hpp>
diff --git a/sprout/bit/rotate.hpp b/sprout/bit/rotate.hpp
index 1bb81f03..6c5230fe 100644
--- a/sprout/bit/rotate.hpp
+++ b/sprout/bit/rotate.hpp
@@ -8,34 +8,34 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_ROTATE_HPP
 #define SPROUT_BIT_ROTATE_HPP
 
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <climits>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/rotl.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/rotr.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
 	// left_rotate
 	//
-	template<typename T>
+	template<typename Integral>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-		std::is_integral<T>::value,
-		T
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		Integral
 	>::type
-	left_rotate(T x, std::size_t n) {
-		return (x << n) ^ (x >> (sizeof(T) * CHAR_BIT - n));
+	left_rotate(Integral x, int s) {
+		return sprout::rotl(x, s);
 	}
 
 	//
 	// right_rotate
 	//
-	template<typename T>
+	template<typename Integral>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-		std::is_integral<T>::value,
-		T
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		Integral
 	>::type
-	right_rotate(T x, std::size_t n) {
-		return (x >> n) ^ (x << (sizeof(T) * CHAR_BIT - n));
+	right_rotate(Integral x, int s) {
+		return sprout::rotr(x, s);
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
diff --git a/sprout/bit/rotl.hpp b/sprout/bit/rotl.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb2b2ab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/rotl.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_ROTL_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_ROTL_HPP
+
+#include <climits>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/shlr.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// rotl
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		Integral
+	>::type
+	rotl(Integral x, int s) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		return (x << s) | sprout::shlr(x, sizeof(x) * CHAR_BIT - s);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_ROTL_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/bit/rotr.hpp b/sprout/bit/rotr.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55ebe970
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/rotr.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_ROTR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_ROTR_HPP
+
+#include <climits>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/shlr.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// rotr
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		Integral
+	>::type
+	rotr(Integral x, int s) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		return sprout::shlr(x, s) | (x << (sizeof(x) * CHAR_BIT - s));
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_ROTR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/bit/shal.hpp b/sprout/bit/shal.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0103c89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/shal.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_SHAL_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_SHAL_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/shll.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// shal
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		Integral
+	>::type
+	shal(Integral x, int s) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		return sprout::shll(x, s);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_SHAL_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/bit/shar.hpp b/sprout/bit/shar.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0cd07677
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/shar.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_SHAR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_SHAR_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// shar
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		Integral
+	>::type
+	shar(Integral x, int s) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		typedef typename std::make_signed<Integral>::type type;
+		return static_cast<Integral>(static_cast<type>(x) >> s);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_SHAR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/bit/shll.hpp b/sprout/bit/shll.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70faa549
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/shll.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_SHLL_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_SHLL_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// shll
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		Integral
+	>::type
+	shll(Integral x, int s) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		typedef typename std::make_unsigned<Integral>::type type;
+		return static_cast<Integral>(static_cast<type>(x) << s);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_SHLL_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/bit/shlr.hpp b/sprout/bit/shlr.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7985a7de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/bit/shlr.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_BIT_SHLR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_BIT_SHLR_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// shlr
+	//
+	template<typename Integral>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<Integral>::value,
+		Integral
+	>::type
+	shlr(Integral x, int s) SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+		typedef typename std::make_unsigned<Integral>::type type;
+		return static_cast<Integral>(static_cast<type>(x) >> s);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_BIT_SHLR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/checksum/md5.hpp b/sprout/checksum/md5.hpp
index 798af35a..e2edc555 100644
--- a/sprout/checksum/md5.hpp
+++ b/sprout/checksum/md5.hpp
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/bytes_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/operation/fixed/set.hpp>
-#include <sprout/bit/rotate.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/rotl.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	static_assert(CHAR_BIT == 8, "CHAR_BIT == 8");
@@ -45,28 +45,28 @@ namespace sprout {
 		public:
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::uint32_t
 			operator()(std::uint32_t a, std::uint32_t b, std::uint32_t c, std::uint32_t d, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t t, std::uint32_t s) const {
-				return b + sprout::left_rotate(a + sprout::md5_detail::func_f(b, c, d) + x + t, s);
+				return b + sprout::rotl(a + sprout::md5_detail::func_f(b, c, d) + x + t, s);
 			}
 		};
 		struct round2_op {
 		public:
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::uint32_t
 			operator()(std::uint32_t a, std::uint32_t b, std::uint32_t c, std::uint32_t d, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t t, std::uint32_t s) const {
-				return b + sprout::left_rotate(a + sprout::md5_detail::func_g(b, c, d) + x + t, s);
+				return b + sprout::rotl(a + sprout::md5_detail::func_g(b, c, d) + x + t, s);
 			}
 		};
 		struct round3_op {
 		public:
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::uint32_t
 			operator()(std::uint32_t a, std::uint32_t b, std::uint32_t c, std::uint32_t d, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t t, std::uint32_t s) const {
-				return b + sprout::left_rotate(a + sprout::md5_detail::func_h(b, c, d) + x + t, s);
+				return b + sprout::rotl(a + sprout::md5_detail::func_h(b, c, d) + x + t, s);
 			}
 		};
 		struct round4_op {
 		public:
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR std::uint32_t
 			operator()(std::uint32_t a, std::uint32_t b, std::uint32_t c, std::uint32_t d, std::uint32_t x, std::uint32_t t, std::uint32_t s) const {
-				return b + sprout::left_rotate(a + sprout::md5_detail::func_i(b, c, d) + x + t, s);
+				return b + sprout::rotl(a + sprout::md5_detail::func_i(b, c, d) + x + t, s);
 			}
 		};
 
diff --git a/sprout/checksum/sha1.hpp b/sprout/checksum/sha1.hpp
index 08a96816..e4943207 100644
--- a/sprout/checksum/sha1.hpp
+++ b/sprout/checksum/sha1.hpp
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill.hpp>
 #include <sprout/range/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp>
 #include <sprout/operation/fixed/set.hpp>
-#include <sprout/bit/rotate.hpp>
+#include <sprout/bit/rotl.hpp>
 #ifdef SPROUT_WORKAROUND_NOT_TERMINATE_RECURSIVE_CONSTEXPR_FUNCTION_TEMPLATE
 #	include <sprout/workaround/recursive_function_template.hpp>
 #endif
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					| (block_[i * 4 + 1] << 16)
 					| (block_[i * 4 + 2] << 8)
 					| (block_[i * 4 + 3])
-				: sprout::left_rotate(
+				: sprout::rotl(
 					calc_w(i - 3) ^ calc_w(i - 8) ^ calc_w(i - 14) ^ calc_w(i - 16),
 					1
 					)
@@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			) const
 		{
 			return process_block_1<D + 1>(
-				sprout::left_rotate(a, 5) + f + e + k + calc_w(i),
+				sprout::rotl(a, 5) + f + e + k + calc_w(i),
 				a,
-				sprout::left_rotate(b, 30),
+				sprout::rotl(b, 30),
 				c,
 				d,
 				i + 1
@@ -227,9 +227,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			) const
 		{
 			return process_block_1(
-				sprout::left_rotate(a, 5) + f + e + k + calc_w(i),
+				sprout::rotl(a, 5) + f + e + k + calc_w(i),
 				a,
-				sprout::left_rotate(b, 30),
+				sprout::rotl(b, 30),
 				c,
 				d,
 				i + 1
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				w[i] |= (block_[i * 4 + 3]);
 			}
 			for (std::size_t i = 16; i < 80; ++i) {
-				w[i] = sprout::left_rotate((w[i - 3] ^ w[i - 8] ^ w[i - 14] ^ w[i - 16]), 1);
+				w[i] = sprout::rotl((w[i - 3] ^ w[i - 8] ^ w[i - 14] ^ w[i - 16]), 1);
 			}
 			std::uint32_t a = h_[0];
 			std::uint32_t b = h_[1];
@@ -411,10 +411,10 @@ namespace sprout {
 					f = b ^ c ^ d;
 					k = 0xCA62C1D6;
 				}
-				unsigned temp = sprout::left_rotate(a, 5) + f + e + k + w[i];
+				unsigned temp = sprout::rotl(a, 5) + f + e + k + w[i];
 				e = d;
 				d = c;
-				c = sprout::left_rotate(b, 30);
+				c = sprout::rotl(b, 30);
 				b = a;
 				a = temp;
 			}