diff --git a/README.rst b/README.rst
index 241679cc..3597a13a 100644
--- a/README.rst
+++ b/README.rst
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ Supported Compilers
 
 Linux:
 
-* GCC, C++11/14 mode: 4.7.0, 4.7.1, 4.7.2, 4.7.3, 4.8.0, 4.8.1, 4.8.2, 4.9.0
-* Clang, C++11/14 mode: 3.2, 3.3, 3.4
+* GCC, C++11/14 mode: 4.7.0, 4.7.1, 4.7.2, 4.7.3, 4.7.4, 4.8.0, 4.8.1, 4.8.2, 4.8.3, 4.9.0
+* Clang, C++11/14 mode: 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.4.1
 
 *******************************************************************************
 Author
diff --git a/sprout/complex/values.hpp b/sprout/complex/values.hpp
index ef8f3eb4..0725f169 100644
--- a/sprout/complex/values.hpp
+++ b/sprout/complex/values.hpp
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_COMPLEX_VALUES_HPP
 #define SPROUT_COMPLEX_VALUES_HPP
 
+#include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/limits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/complex/complex.hpp>
 #include <sprout/complex/operators.hpp>
 #include <sprout/math/sin.hpp>
@@ -16,25 +18,49 @@
 #include <sprout/math/atan2.hpp>
 #include <sprout/math/sqrt.hpp>
 #include <sprout/math/isinf.hpp>
+#include <sprout/math/isnan.hpp>
+#include <sprout/math/signbit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/math/copysign.hpp>
-#include <sprout/limits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/float_promote.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/complex_promote.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/enabler_if.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T>
 	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T
 	norm(sprout::complex<T> const& x);
 
+	//
 	// 26.4.7, values:
+	//
 	template<typename T>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T const&
 	real(sprout::complex<T> const& x) {
 		return x.real();
 	}
+	template<
+		typename ArithmeticType,
+		typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
+	>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::float_promote<ArithmeticType>::type
+	real(ArithmeticType x) {
+		return x;
+	}
+
 	template<typename T>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T const&
 	imag(sprout::complex<T> const& x) {
 		return x.imag();
 	}
+	template<
+		typename ArithmeticType,
+		typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
+	>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::float_promote<ArithmeticType>::type
+	imag(ArithmeticType) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
 	template<typename T>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T&
 	real(sprout::complex<T>& x) {
@@ -45,37 +71,112 @@ namespace sprout {
 	imag(sprout::complex<T>& x) {
 		return x.imag();
 	}
+
 	template<typename T>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T
 	abs(sprout::complex<T> const& x) {
 		return sprout::sqrt(sprout::norm(x));
 	}
+
 	template<typename T>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T
 	arg(sprout::complex<T> const& x) {
 		return sprout::atan2(x.imag(), x.real());
 	}
+	template<
+		typename ArithmeticType,
+		typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
+	>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::float_promote<ArithmeticType>::type
+	arg(ArithmeticType x) {
+		return sprout::atan2(ArithmeticType(0), x);
+	}
+
 	template<typename T>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T
 	norm(sprout::complex<T> const& x) {
 		return x.real() * x.real() + x.imag() * x.imag();
 	}
+	template<
+		typename ArithmeticType,
+		typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
+	>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::float_promote<ArithmeticType>::type
+	norm(ArithmeticType x) {
+		typedef typename sprout::complex_promote<ArithmeticType>::type type;
+		return type(x) * type(x);
+	}
+
 	template<typename T>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::complex<T>
 	conj(sprout::complex<T> const& x) {
 		return sprout::complex<T>(x.real(), -x.imag());
 	}
+	template<
+		typename ArithmeticType,
+		typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
+	>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::complex_promote<ArithmeticType>::type
+	conj(ArithmeticType x) {
+		typedef typename sprout::complex_promote<ArithmeticType>::type type;
+		return type(x);
+	}
+
 	template<typename T>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::complex<T>
 	proj(sprout::complex<T> const& x) {
-		return sprout::isinf(x.real()) || sprout::isinf(x.imag())
-			? sprout::complex<T>(sprout::numeric_limits<T>::infinity(), sprout::copysign(T(), x.imag()))
-			: x;
+		return sprout::math::isinf(x.real()) || sprout::math::isinf(x.imag())
+			? sprout::complex<T>(sprout::numeric_limits<T>::infinity(), sprout::math::copysign(T(), x.imag()))
+			: x
+			;
 	}
+	template<
+		typename ArithmeticType,
+		typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
+	>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::complex_promote<ArithmeticType>::type
+	proj(ArithmeticType x) {
+		typedef typename sprout::complex_promote<ArithmeticType>::type type;
+		return sprout::math::isinf(x)
+			? type(sprout::numeric_limits<ArithmeticType>::infinity())
+			: type(x)
+			;
+	}
+
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::complex<T>
+		polar_impl(T const& x, T const& y) {
+			typedef sprout::complex<T> type;
+			return type(
+				sprout::math::isnan(x) ? T() : x,
+				sprout::math::isnan(y) ? T() : y
+				);
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
 	template<typename T>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::complex<T>
-	polar(T const& rho, T const& theta = 0) {
-		return sprout::complex<T>(rho * sprout::cos(theta), rho * sprout::sin(theta));
+	polar(T const& rho, T const& theta = T()) {
+		typedef sprout::complex<T> type;
+		return sprout::math::isnan(rho) || sprout::math::signbit(rho)
+			? type(sprout::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN(), sprout::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN())
+			: sprout::math::isnan(theta)
+				? sprout::math::isinf(rho) ? type(rho, theta)
+				: type(theta, theta)
+			: sprout::math::isinf(theta)
+				? sprout::math::isinf(rho) ? type(rho, sprout::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN())
+				: type(sprout::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN(), sprout::numeric_limits<T>::quiet_NaN())
+			: sprout::detail::polar_impl(rho * sprout::cos(theta), rho * sprout::sin(theta))
+			;
+	}
+	template<
+		typename ArithmeticType1, typename ArithmeticType2,
+		typename sprout::enabler_if<std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType1>::value && std::is_arithmetic<ArithmeticType2>::value>::type = sprout::enabler
+	>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::complex_promote<ArithmeticType1, ArithmeticType2>::type
+	polar(ArithmeticType1 const& rho, ArithmeticType2 const& theta) {
+		typedef typename sprout::complex_promote<ArithmeticType1, ArithmeticType2>::type::value_type value_type;
+		return sprout::polar<value_type>(rho, theta);
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
diff --git a/sprout/math/pow.hpp b/sprout/math/pow.hpp
index 6b6923ea..32c6fc56 100644
--- a/sprout/math/pow.hpp
+++ b/sprout/math/pow.hpp
@@ -44,7 +44,11 @@ namespace sprout {
 			template<typename T>
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T
 			pow_impl(T x, T y) {
-				return sprout::math::exp(y * sprout::math::log(x));
+				return x < 0
+						? is_odd(y) ? -sprout::math::exp(y * sprout::math::log(-x))
+						: sprout::math::exp(y * sprout::math::log(-x))
+					: sprout::math::exp(y * sprout::math::log(x))
+					;
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
diff --git a/sprout/type_traits.hpp b/sprout/type_traits.hpp
index 2a990288..911c012a 100644
--- a/sprout/type_traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/type_traits.hpp
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
 #include <sprout/type_traits/common_decay.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/arithmetic_promote.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/float_promote.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/complex_promote.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/inherit_if_type.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/enable_if.hpp>
 #include <sprout/type_traits/enabler_if.hpp>
diff --git a/sprout/type_traits/complex_promote.hpp b/sprout/type_traits/complex_promote.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c495715d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/type_traits/complex_promote.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2014 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_TYPE_TRAITS_COMPLEX_PROMOTE_HPP
+#define SPROUT_TYPE_TRAITS_COMPLEX_PROMOTE_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/complex/complex.hpp>
+#include <sprout/complex/type_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/float_promote.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/arithmetic_promote.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T, bool = sprout::is_complex<T>::value>
+		struct complex_promote1
+			: public sprout::identity<T>
+		{};
+		template<typename T>
+		struct complex_promote1<T, false>
+			: public sprout::identity<sprout::complex<typename sprout::float_promote<T>::type> >
+		{};
+
+		template<typename T, typename U>
+		struct complex_promote2
+			: public sprout::identity<sprout::complex<
+				typename sprout::arithmetic_promote<
+					typename sprout::detail::complex_promote1<T>::type::value_type,
+					typename sprout::detail::complex_promote1<U>::type::value_type
+				>::type
+			>>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename... Types>
+		struct complex_promote_impl;
+		template<typename T, typename U, typename... Tail>
+		struct complex_promote_impl<T, U, Tail...>
+			: public sprout::detail::complex_promote_impl<
+				typename sprout::detail::complex_promote2<T, U>::type,
+				Tail...
+			>
+		{};
+		template<typename T>
+		struct complex_promote_impl<T>
+			: public sprout::detail::complex_promote1<T>
+		{};
+	}	// namespace detail
+
+	//
+	// complex_promote
+	//
+	template<typename... Types>
+	struct complex_promote
+		: public sprout::detail::complex_promote_impl<
+			typename std::remove_cv<Types>::type...
+		>
+	{};
+
+#if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+	template<typename... Types>
+	using complex_promote_t = typename sprout::complex_promote<Types...>::type;
+#endif	// #if SPROUT_USE_TEMPLATE_ALIASES
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_TYPE_TRAITS_COMPLEX_PROMOTE_HPP