diff --git a/sprout/container/at.hpp b/sprout/container/at.hpp
index 097ac0ba..951affcc 100644
--- a/sprout/container/at.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/at.hpp
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//		[default]
 	//			ADL callable range_at(cont, i) -> range_at(cont, i)
 	//			[default]
-	//				Container is T[N] -> cont[i]
+	//				Container is T[N] -> cont[sprout::range_index_check(cont, i)]
 	//				otherwise, Container is not const
 	//					&& sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<const_reference, reference>
 	//					&& (callable sprout::as_const(cont).at(i)
diff --git a/sprout/container/boost/array.hpp b/sprout/container/boost/array.hpp
index 888ce22f..42a39765 100644
--- a/sprout/container/boost/array.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/boost/array.hpp
@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <boost/array.hpp>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
-#include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/range_index_check.hpp>
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	struct container_traits<boost::array<T, N> >
-		: public sprout::detail::container_traits_default<boost::array<T, N> >
+		: public sprout::container_traits_default<boost::array<T, N> >
 	{
 	public:
 		typedef sprout::index_iterator<boost::array<T, N>&, true, sprout::detail::elems_subscript<> > iterator;
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	struct container_range_traits<boost::array<T, N> >
-		: public sprout::detail::container_range_traits_default<boost::array<T, N> >
+		: public sprout::container_range_traits_default<boost::array<T, N> >
 	{
 	public:
 		// iterators:
diff --git a/sprout/container/container_construct_traits.hpp b/sprout/container/container_construct_traits.hpp
index a5521d95..48e779e1 100644
--- a/sprout/container/container_construct_traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/container_construct_traits.hpp
@@ -24,9 +24,6 @@
 #include <sprout/tpp/algorithm/all_of.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
-	//
-	// container_construct_traits
-	//
 	namespace detail {
 		template<typename Container, typename... Args>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
@@ -85,37 +82,35 @@ namespace sprout {
 					)
 				);
 		}
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		struct container_construct_traits_impl {
-		public:
-			typedef Container copied_type;
-		public:
-			template<typename Cont>
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR copied_type
-			deep_copy(Cont&& cont) {
-				return SPROUT_FORWARD(Cont, cont);
-			}
-			template<typename... Args>
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR copied_type
-			make(Args&&... args) {
-				return sprout::detail::default_make_container<Container>(SPROUT_FORWARD(Args, args)...);
-			}
-			template<typename Cont, typename... Args>
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR copied_type
-			remake(Cont&& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::difference_type size, Args&&... args) {
-				return sprout::detail::default_remake_container<Container>(
-					SPROUT_FORWARD(Cont, cont), size,
-					SPROUT_FORWARD(Args, args)...
-					);
-			}
-		};
 	}	// namespace detail
 
+	//
+	// container_construct_traits
+	//
 	template<typename Container>
-	struct container_construct_traits
-		: public sprout::detail::container_construct_traits_impl<Container>
-	{};
+	struct container_construct_traits {
+	public:
+		typedef Container copied_type;
+	public:
+		template<typename Cont>
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR copied_type
+		deep_copy(Cont&& cont) {
+			return SPROUT_FORWARD(Cont, cont);
+		}
+		template<typename... Args>
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR copied_type
+		make(Args&&... args) {
+			return sprout::detail::default_make_container<Container>(SPROUT_FORWARD(Args, args)...);
+		}
+		template<typename Cont, typename... Args>
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR copied_type
+		remake(Cont&& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::difference_type size, Args&&... args) {
+			return sprout::detail::default_remake_container<Container>(
+				SPROUT_FORWARD(Cont, cont), size,
+				SPROUT_FORWARD(Args, args)...
+				);
+		}
+	};
 	template<typename Container>
 	struct container_construct_traits<Container const>
 		: public sprout::container_construct_traits<Container>
diff --git a/sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp b/sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp
index 30d03366..3b867c6c 100644
--- a/sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/container_range_traits.hpp
@@ -8,1245 +8,26 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_CONTAINER_RANGE_TRAITS_HPP
 #define SPROUT_CONTAINER_CONTAINER_RANGE_TRAITS_HPP
 
-#include <iterator>
-#include <utility>
-#include <type_traits>
-#include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
-#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
-#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
-#include <sprout/type_traits/is_const_cast_convertible.hpp>
-#include <sprout/type_traits/is_within_namespace_sprout.hpp>
+#include <sprout/workaround/std/cstddef.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_begin.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_end.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_size.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_empty.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_front.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_back.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_subscript_at.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_at.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_nth.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_index_of.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_data.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
-#include <sprout/iterator/const_iterator_cast.hpp>
-#include <sprout/utility/as_const.hpp>
-#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
-
-namespace sprout_adl {
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl begin(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl end(...);
-
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_begin(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_end(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_size(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_empty(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_front(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_back(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_subscript_at(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_at(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_nth(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_index_of(...);
-	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_data(...);
-}	// namespace sprout_adl
-
-
-namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
-	using sprout_adl::begin;
-	using sprout_adl::end;
-
-	template<typename T>
-	struct has_adl_begin_test {
-	public:
-		template<
-			typename U = T,
-			typename R = typename sprout::identity<decltype(begin(std::declval<U>()))>::type
-		>
-		static sprout::is_found_via_adl<R> test(int);
-		static sprout::false_type test(...);
-	};
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-	range_adl_begin(Container& cont) {
-		return begin(cont);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-	range_adl_begin(Container const& cont) {
-		return begin(cont);
-	}
-
-	template<typename T>
-	struct has_adl_end_test {
-	public:
-		template<
-			typename U = T,
-			typename R = typename sprout::identity<decltype(end(std::declval<U>()))>::type
-		>
-		static sprout::is_found_via_adl<R> test(int);
-		static sprout::false_type test(...);
-	};
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-	range_adl_end(Container& cont) {
-		return end(cont);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-	range_adl_end(Container const& cont) {
-		return end(cont);
-	}
-}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace detail {
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout_container_range_detail::has_adl_begin_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_adl_begin
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_adl_begin
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout_container_range_detail::has_adl_begin_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-		template<typename T, bool = sprout::is_within_namespace_sprout<T>::value>
-		struct has_adl_begin_without_sprout
-			: public sprout::false_type
-		{};
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T, false>
-			: public sprout::detail::has_adl_begin<T>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_begin_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().begin())>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_begin_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_begin
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_begin
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_begin_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct is_substitutable_const_begin
-			: public sprout::bool_constant<
-				sprout::is_const_iterator_cast_convertible<
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::iterator,
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::iterator
-				>::value
-				&& (
-					sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
-						|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
-					)
-			>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_begin<Container>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_begin_impl(Container& cont) {
-			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator type;
-			return sprout::const_iterator_cast<type>(sprout::begin(sprout::as_const(cont)));
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_begin<Container>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_begin_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return cont.begin();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_begin<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<Container&>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_begin_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return sprout_container_range_detail::range_adl_begin(cont);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_begin<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<Container&>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_begin_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return std::begin(cont);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_begin_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return cont.begin();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container const>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<Container const&>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_begin_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return sprout_container_range_detail::range_adl_begin(cont);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container const>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<Container const&>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_begin_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return std::begin(cont);
-		}
-
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout_container_range_detail::has_adl_end_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_adl_end
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_adl_end
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout_container_range_detail::has_adl_end_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-		template<typename T, bool = sprout::is_within_namespace_sprout<T>::value>
-		struct has_adl_end_without_sprout
-			: public sprout::false_type
-		{};
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_adl_end_without_sprout<T, false>
-			: public sprout::detail::has_adl_end<T>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_end_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().end())>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_end_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_end
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_end
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_end_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct is_substitutable_const_end
-			: public sprout::bool_constant<
-				sprout::is_const_iterator_cast_convertible<
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::iterator,
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::iterator
-				>::value
-				&& (
-					sprout::detail::has_mem_end<T const>::value
-						|| sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<T const&>::value
-					)
-			>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_end<Container>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_end_impl(Container& cont) {
-			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator type;
-			return sprout::const_iterator_cast<type>(sprout::end(sprout::as_const(cont)));
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_end<Container>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<Container&>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_end_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return sprout_container_range_detail::range_adl_end(cont);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_end<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<Container&>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_end<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_end_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return cont.end();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_end<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<Container&>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_end<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_end_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return std::end(cont);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<Container const&>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_end_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return sprout_container_range_detail::range_adl_end(cont);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<Container const&>::value && sprout::detail::has_mem_end<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_end_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return cont.end();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<Container const&>::value && !sprout::detail::has_mem_end<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_end_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return std::end(cont);
-		}
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_size_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().size())>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_size_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_size
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_size
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_size_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::has_mem_size<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
-		>::type
-		range_size_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return cont.size();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_size<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
-		>::type
-		range_size_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return sprout::distance(sprout::begin(cont), sprout::end(cont));
-		}
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_empty_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().empty())>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_empty_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_empty
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_empty
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_empty_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::has_mem_empty<Container const>::value,
-			bool
-		>::type
-		range_empty_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return cont.empty();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_empty<Container const>::value,
-			bool
-		>::type
-		range_empty_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return sprout::size(cont) == 0;
-		}
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_front_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().front())>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_front_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_front
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_front
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_front_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct is_substitutable_const_front
-			: public sprout::bool_constant<
-				sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::reference,
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::reference
-				>::value
-				&& (
-					sprout::detail::has_mem_front<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
-					)
-			>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_front<Container>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_front_impl(Container& cont) {
-			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference type;
-			return const_cast<type>(sprout::front(sprout::as_const(cont)));
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_front<Container>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_front<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_front_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return cont.front();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_front<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_front<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_front_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return *sprout::begin(cont);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::has_mem_front<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_front_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return cont.front();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_front<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_front_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return *sprout::begin(cont);
-		}
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_back_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().back())>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_back_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_back
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_back
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_back_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct is_substitutable_const_back
-			: public sprout::bool_constant<
-				sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::reference,
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::reference
-				>::value
-				&& (
-					sprout::detail::has_mem_back<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
-					)
-			>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_back<Container>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_back_impl(Container& cont) {
-			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference type;
-			return const_cast<type>(sprout::back(sprout::as_const(cont)));
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_back<Container>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_back<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_back_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return cont.back();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_back<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_back<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_back_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return *sprout::begin(cont);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::has_mem_back<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_back_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return cont.back();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_back<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_back_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return *sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), sprout::size(cont) - 1);
-		}
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_subscript_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>()[std::declval<typename sprout::container_traits<U>::size_type>()])>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_subscript
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_subscript
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct is_substitutable_const_subscript_at
-			: public sprout::bool_constant<
-				sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::reference,
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::reference
-				>::value
-				&& (
-					sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
-					)
-			>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_subscript_at<Container>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_subscript_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference type;
-			return const_cast<type>(sprout::subscript_at(sprout::as_const(cont), i));
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_subscript_at<Container>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_subscript_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-			return cont[i];
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_subscript_at<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_subscript_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-			return *sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), i);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_subscript_at_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-			return cont[i];
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_subscript_at_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-			return *sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), i);
-		}
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_at_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().at(std::declval<typename sprout::container_traits<U>::size_type>()))>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_at_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_at
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_at
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_at_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct is_substitutable_const_at
-			: public sprout::bool_constant<
-				sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::reference,
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::reference
-				>::value
-				&& (
-					sprout::detail::has_mem_at<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
-					)
-			>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_at<Container>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference type;
-			return const_cast<type>(sprout::at(sprout::as_const(cont), i));
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_at<Container>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-			return cont.at(i);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_at<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-			return cont[sprout::range_index_check(cont, i)];
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_at<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-			return *sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), sprout::range_index_check(cont, i));
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_at_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-			return cont.at(i);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container const>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_at_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-			return cont[sprout::range_index_check(cont, i)];
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container const>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-		>::type
-		range_at_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-			return *sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), sprout::range_index_check(cont, i));
-		}
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_nth_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().nth(std::declval<typename sprout::container_traits<U>::size_type>()))>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_nth_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_nth
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_nth
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_nth_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct is_substitutable_const_nth
-			: public sprout::bool_constant<
-				sprout::is_const_iterator_cast_convertible<
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::iterator,
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::iterator
-				>::value
-				&& (
-					sprout::detail::has_mem_nth<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
-					)
-			>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_nth<Container>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_nth_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator type;
-			return sprout::const_iterator_cast<type>(sprout::nth(sprout::as_const(cont), i));
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_nth<Container>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_nth<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_nth_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-			return cont.nth(i);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_nth<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_nth<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_nth_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-			return sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), i);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::has_mem_nth<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_nth_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-			return cont.nth(i);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_nth<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-		>::type
-		range_nth_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-			return sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), i);
-		}
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_index_of_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().index_of(std::declval<typename sprout::container_traits<U>::iterator>()))>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_index_of
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_index_of
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct is_substitutable_const_index_of
-			: public sprout::bool_constant<
-				sprout::is_const_iterator_cast_convertible<
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::iterator,
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::iterator
-				>::value
-				&& (
-					sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
-					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
-					)
-			>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_index_of<Container>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
-		>::type
-		range_index_of_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator p) {
-			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator type;
-			return sprout::index_of(sprout::as_const(cont), sprout::const_iterator_cast<type>(p));
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_index_of<Container>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
-		>::type
-		range_index_of_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator p) {
-			return cont.index_of(p);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_index_of<Container>::value
-				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of<Container>::value
-				,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
-		>::type
-		range_index_of_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator p) {
-			return sprout::distance(sprout::begin(cont), p);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
-		>::type
-		range_index_of_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator p) {
-			return cont.index_of(p);
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of<Container const>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
-		>::type
-		range_index_of_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator p) {
-			return sprout::distance(sprout::begin(cont), p);
-		}
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_data_test {
-		public:
-			template<
-				typename U = T,
-				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().data())>::type
-			>
-			static sprout::true_type test(int);
-			static sprout::false_type test(...);
-		};
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
-		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_data_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
-		struct has_mem_data
-			: public Base_
-		{};
-#else
-		template<typename T>
-		struct has_mem_data
-			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_data_test<T>::test(0))>::type
-		{};
-#endif
-
-		template<typename T>
-		struct is_substitutable_const_data
-			: public sprout::bool_constant<
-				sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::pointer,
-					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::pointer
-				>::value
-				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_data<T const>::value
-			>
-		{};
-
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_data<Container>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::pointer
-		>::type
-		range_data_impl(Container& cont) {
-			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::pointer type;
-			return const_cast<type>(sprout::data(sprout::as_const(cont)));
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_data<Container>::value,
-			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::pointer
-		>::type
-		range_data_impl(Container& cont) {
-			return cont.data();
-		}
-		template<typename Container>
-		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::pointer
-		range_data_impl(Container const& cont) {
-			return cont.data();
-		}
-	}	// namespace detail
-}	// namespace sprout
-
-namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-	range_begin(Container& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_begin_impl(cont);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-	range_begin(Container const& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_begin_impl(cont);
-	}
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-	range_end(Container& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_end_impl(cont);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-	range_end(Container const& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_end_impl(cont);
-	}
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
-	range_size(Container const& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_size_impl(cont);
-	}
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
-	range_empty(Container const& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_empty_impl(cont);
-	}
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-	range_front(Container& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_front_impl(cont);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-	range_front(Container const& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_front_impl(cont);
-	}
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-	range_back(Container& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_back_impl(cont);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-	range_back(Container const& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_back_impl(cont);
-	}
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-	range_subscript_at(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_subscript_at_impl(cont, i);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-	range_subscript_at(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_subscript_at_impl(cont, i);
-	}
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-	range_at(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_at_impl(cont, i);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-	range_at(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_at_impl(cont, i);
-	}
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-	range_nth(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_nth_impl(cont, i);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-	range_nth(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_nth_impl(cont, i);
-	}
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
-	range_index_of(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator p) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_index_of_impl(cont, p);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
-	range_index_of(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator p) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_index_of_impl(cont, p);
-	}
-
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::pointer
-	range_data(Container& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_data_impl(cont);
-	}
-	template<typename Container>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::pointer
-	range_data(Container const& cont) {
-		return sprout::detail::range_data_impl(cont);
-	}
-}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
-
-namespace sprout {
-	namespace detail {
-		//
-		// container_range_traits_default
-		//
-		template<typename Container>
-		struct container_range_traits_default {
-		public:
-			// iterators:
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-			range_begin(Container& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_begin;
-				using sprout_adl::range_begin;
-				return range_begin(cont);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-			range_begin(Container const& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_begin;
-				using sprout_adl::range_begin;
-				return range_begin(cont);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-			range_end(Container& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_end;
-				using sprout_adl::range_end;
-				return range_end(cont);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-			range_end(Container const& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_end;
-				using sprout_adl::range_end;
-				return range_end(cont);
-			}
-			// capacity:
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
-			range_size(Container const& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_size;
-				using sprout_adl::range_size;
-				return range_size(cont);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
-			range_empty(Container const& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_empty;
-				using sprout_adl::range_empty;
-				return range_empty(cont);
-			}
-			// element access:
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-			range_front(Container& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_front;
-				using sprout_adl::range_front;
-				return range_front(cont);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-			range_front(Container const& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_front;
-				using sprout_adl::range_front;
-				return range_front(cont);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-			range_back(Container& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_back;
-				using sprout_adl::range_back;
-				return range_back(cont);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-			range_back(Container const& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_back;
-				using sprout_adl::range_back;
-				return range_back(cont);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-			range_subscript_at(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_subscript_at;
-				using sprout_adl::range_subscript_at;
-				return range_subscript_at(cont, i);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-			range_subscript_at(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_subscript_at;
-				using sprout_adl::range_subscript_at;
-				return range_subscript_at(cont, i);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
-			range_at(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_at;
-				using sprout_adl::range_at;
-				return range_at(cont, i);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
-			range_at(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_at;
-				using sprout_adl::range_at;
-				return range_at(cont, i);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
-			range_nth(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_nth;
-				using sprout_adl::range_nth;
-				return range_nth(cont, i);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
-			range_nth(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_nth;
-				using sprout_adl::range_nth;
-				return range_nth(cont, i);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
-			range_index_of(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator p) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_index_of;
-				using sprout_adl::range_index_of;
-				return range_index_of(cont, p);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
-			range_index_of(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator p) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_index_of;
-				using sprout_adl::range_index_of;
-				return range_index_of(cont, p);
-			}
-			// data access:
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::pointer
-			range_data(Container& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_data;
-				using sprout_adl::range_data;
-				return range_data(cont);
-			}
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::pointer
-			range_data(Container const& cont) {
-				using sprout_container_range_detail::range_data;
-				using sprout_adl::range_data;
-				return range_data(cont);
-			}
-		};
 		//
 		// container_range_traits_const_default
 		//
@@ -1304,12 +85,227 @@ namespace sprout {
 		};
 	}	// namespace detail
 
+	//
+	// container_range_begin_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_begin_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		range_begin(Container& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_begin;
+			using sprout_adl::range_begin;
+			return range_begin(cont);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		range_begin(Container const& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_begin;
+			using sprout_adl::range_begin;
+			return range_begin(cont);
+		}
+	};
+	//
+	// container_range_end_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_end_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		range_end(Container& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_end;
+			using sprout_adl::range_end;
+			return range_end(cont);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		range_end(Container const& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_end;
+			using sprout_adl::range_end;
+			return range_end(cont);
+		}
+	};
+	//
+	// container_range_size_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_size_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+		range_size(Container const& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_size;
+			using sprout_adl::range_size;
+			return range_size(cont);
+		}
+	};
+	//
+	// container_range_empty_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_empty_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+		range_empty(Container const& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_empty;
+			using sprout_adl::range_empty;
+			return range_empty(cont);
+		}
+	};
+	//
+	// container_range_front_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_front_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		range_front(Container& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_front;
+			using sprout_adl::range_front;
+			return range_front(cont);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		range_front(Container const& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_front;
+			using sprout_adl::range_front;
+			return range_front(cont);
+		}
+	};
+	//
+	// container_range_back_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_back_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		range_back(Container& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_back;
+			using sprout_adl::range_back;
+			return range_back(cont);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		range_back(Container const& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_back;
+			using sprout_adl::range_back;
+			return range_back(cont);
+		}
+	};
+	//
+	// container_range_subscript_at_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_subscript_at_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		range_subscript_at(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_subscript_at;
+			using sprout_adl::range_subscript_at;
+			return range_subscript_at(cont, i);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		range_subscript_at(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_subscript_at;
+			using sprout_adl::range_subscript_at;
+			return range_subscript_at(cont, i);
+		}
+	};
+	//
+	// container_range_at_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_at_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		range_at(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_at;
+			using sprout_adl::range_at;
+			return range_at(cont, i);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		range_at(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_at;
+			using sprout_adl::range_at;
+			return range_at(cont, i);
+		}
+	};
+	//
+	// container_range_nth_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_nth_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		range_nth(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_nth;
+			using sprout_adl::range_nth;
+			return range_nth(cont, i);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		range_nth(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_nth;
+			using sprout_adl::range_nth;
+			return range_nth(cont, i);
+		}
+	};
+	//
+	// container_range_index_of_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_index_of_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
+		range_index_of(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator p) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_index_of;
+			using sprout_adl::range_index_of;
+			return range_index_of(cont, p);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+		range_index_of(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator p) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_index_of;
+			using sprout_adl::range_index_of;
+			return range_index_of(cont, p);
+		}
+	};
+	//
+	// container_range_data_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_data_default {
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::pointer
+		range_data(Container& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_data;
+			using sprout_adl::range_data;
+			return range_data(cont);
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::pointer
+		range_data(Container const& cont) {
+			using sprout_container_range_detail::range_data;
+			using sprout_adl::range_data;
+			return range_data(cont);
+		}
+	};
+
+	//
+	// container_range_traits_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_range_traits_default
+		: public sprout::container_range_begin_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_range_end_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_range_size_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_range_front_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_range_back_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_range_subscript_at_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_range_at_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_range_nth_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_range_index_of_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_range_data_default<Container>
+	{};
+
 	//
 	// container_range_traits
 	//
 	template<typename Container>
 	struct container_range_traits
-		: public sprout::detail::container_range_traits_default<Container>
+		: public sprout::container_range_traits_default<Container>
 	{};
 	template<typename Container>
 	struct container_range_traits<Container const>
@@ -1376,11 +372,11 @@ namespace sprout {
 		}
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::reference
 		range_at(T (& arr)[N], typename sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::size_type i) {
-			return arr[i];
+			return arr[sprout::range_index_check(arr, i)];
 		}
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::reference
 		range_at(T const (& arr)[N], typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::size_type i) {
-			return arr[i];
+			return arr[sprout::range_index_check(arr, i)];
 		}
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::iterator
 		range_nth(T (& arr)[N], typename sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::size_type i) {
@@ -1415,57 +411,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 		}
 	};
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-	struct container_range_traits<T const[N]> {
-	public:
-		// iterators:
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::iterator
-		range_begin(T const (& arr)[N]) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_begin(arr);
-		}
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::iterator
-		range_end(T const (& arr)[N]) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_end(arr);
-		}
-		// capacity:
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::size_type
-		range_size(T const (& arr)[N]) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_size(arr);
-		}
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
-		range_empty(T const (& arr)[N]) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_empty(arr);
-		}
-		// element access:
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::reference
-		range_front(T const (& arr)[N]) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_front(arr);
-		}
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::reference
-		range_back(T const (& arr)[N]) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_back(arr);
-		}
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::reference
-		range_subscript_at(T const (& arr)[N], typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::size_type i) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_subscript_at(arr, i);
-		}
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::reference
-		range_at(T const (& arr)[N], typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::size_type i) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_at(arr, i);
-		}
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::iterator
-		range_nth(T const (& arr)[N], typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::size_type i) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_nth(arr, i);
-		}
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::size_type
-		range_index_of(T const (& arr)[N], typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::iterator p) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_index_of(arr, p);
-		}
-		// data access:
-		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<T const[N]>::pointer
-		range_data(T const (& arr)[N]) {
-			return sprout::container_range_traits<T[N]>::range_data(arr);
-		}
-	};
+	struct container_range_traits<T const[N]>
+		: public sprout::detail::container_range_traits_const_default<T[N]>
+	{};
 }	// namespace sprout
 
 #include <sprout/container/begin.hpp>
diff --git a/sprout/container/container_traits.hpp b/sprout/container/container_traits.hpp
index c609faea..a5c2ce18 100644
--- a/sprout/container/container_traits.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/container_traits.hpp
@@ -392,7 +392,6 @@ namespace sprout {
 				sprout::detail::is_array_like<Container>::value
 			>
 		{};
-
 		//
 		// container_nosy_fixed_size
 		//
@@ -414,52 +413,6 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>
 		{};
 
-		//
-		// container_traits_default
-		//
-		template<typename Container>
-		struct container_traits_default
-			: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_value_type<Container>
-			, public sprout::detail::container_nosy_iterator<Container>
-			, public sprout::detail::container_nosy_const_iterator<Container>
-			, public sprout::detail::container_nosy_reference<Container>
-			, public sprout::detail::container_nosy_const_reference<Container>
-			, public sprout::detail::container_nosy_size_type<Container>
-			, public sprout::detail::container_nosy_difference_type<Container>
-			, public sprout::detail::container_nosy_pointer<Container>
-			, public sprout::detail::container_nosy_const_pointer<Container>
-			, public sprout::detail::container_nosy_static_size<Container>
-			, public sprout::detail::container_nosy_fixed_size<Container>
-		{};
-		template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-		struct container_traits_default<T[N]> {
-		public:
-			typedef T value_type;
-#if SPROUT_USE_PTR_INDEX_ITERATOR_IMPLEMENTATION
-			typedef sprout::ptr_index_iterator<T, true> iterator;
-			typedef sprout::ptr_index_iterator<T const, true> const_iterator;
-#else
-			typedef T* iterator;
-			typedef T const* const_iterator;
-#endif
-			typedef T& reference;
-			typedef T const& const_reference;
-			typedef std::size_t size_type;
-			typedef std::ptrdiff_t difference_type;
-			typedef T* pointer;
-			typedef T const* const_pointer;
-		public:
-			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR size_type static_size = N;
-		public:
-			static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR size_type
-			fixed_size() SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
-				return static_size;
-			}
-		};
-		template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR_OR_CONST typename sprout::detail::container_traits_default<T[N]>::size_type
-		sprout::detail::container_traits_default<T[N]>::static_size;
-
 		//
 		// container_traits_const_default
 		//
@@ -479,12 +432,87 @@ namespace sprout {
 		{};
 	}	// namespace detail
 
+	//
+	// container_value_type_default
+	// container_iterator_default
+	// container_const_iterator_default
+	// container_reference_default
+	// container_const_reference_default
+	// container_size_type_default
+	// container_difference_type_default
+	// container_pointer_default
+	// container_const_pointer_default
+	// container_static_size_default
+	// container_fixed_size_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_value_type_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_value_type<Container>
+	{};
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_iterator_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_iterator<Container>
+	{};
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_const_iterator_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_const_iterator<Container>
+	{};
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_reference_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_reference<Container>
+	{};
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_const_reference_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_const_reference<Container>
+	{};
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_size_type_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_size_type<Container>
+	{};
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_difference_type_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_difference_type<Container>
+	{};
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_pointer_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_pointer<Container>
+	{};
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_const_pointer_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_const_pointer<Container>
+	{};
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_static_size_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_static_size<Container>
+	{};
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_fixed_size_default
+		: public sprout::detail::container_nosy_fixed_size<Container>
+	{};
+	//
+	// container_traits_default
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	struct container_traits_default
+		: public sprout::container_value_type_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_iterator_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_const_iterator_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_reference_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_const_reference_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_size_type_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_difference_type_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_pointer_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_const_pointer_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_static_size_default<Container>
+		, public sprout::container_fixed_size_default<Container>
+	{};
+
 	//
 	// container_traits
 	//
 	template<typename Container>
 	struct container_traits
-		: public sprout::detail::container_traits_default<Container>
+		: public sprout::container_traits_default<Container>
 	{};
 	template<typename Container>
 	struct container_traits<Container const>
@@ -492,9 +520,33 @@ namespace sprout {
 	{};
 
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
-	struct container_traits<T[N]>
-		: public sprout::detail::container_traits_default<T[N]>
-	{};
+	struct container_traits<T[N]> {
+	public:
+		typedef T value_type;
+#if SPROUT_USE_PTR_INDEX_ITERATOR_IMPLEMENTATION
+		typedef sprout::ptr_index_iterator<T, true> iterator;
+		typedef sprout::ptr_index_iterator<T const, true> const_iterator;
+#else
+		typedef T* iterator;
+		typedef T const* const_iterator;
+#endif
+		typedef T& reference;
+		typedef T const& const_reference;
+		typedef std::size_t size_type;
+		typedef std::ptrdiff_t difference_type;
+		typedef T* pointer;
+		typedef T const* const_pointer;
+	public:
+		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR size_type static_size = N;
+	public:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR size_type
+		fixed_size() SPROUT_NOEXCEPT {
+			return static_size;
+		}
+	};
+	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR_OR_CONST typename sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::size_type
+	sprout::container_traits<T[N]>::static_size;
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	struct container_traits<T const[N]>
 		: public sprout::detail::container_traits_const_default<T[N]>
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_at.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_at.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..402ae5c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_at.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_AT_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_AT_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/is_const_cast_convertible.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_begin.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_subscript_at.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/as_const.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_at(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_at_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().at(std::declval<typename sprout::container_traits<U>::size_type>()))>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_at_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_at
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_at
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_at_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct is_substitutable_const_at
+			: public sprout::bool_constant<
+				sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::reference,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::reference
+				>::value
+				&& (
+					sprout::detail::has_mem_at<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
+					)
+			>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_at<Container>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference type;
+			return const_cast<type>(sprout::at(sprout::as_const(cont), i));
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_at<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			return cont.at(i);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_at<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			return cont[sprout::range_index_check(cont, i)];
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_at<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			return *sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), sprout::range_index_check(cont, i));
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_at_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+			return cont.at(i);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container const>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_at_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+			return cont[sprout::range_index_check(cont, i)];
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_at<Container const>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_at_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+			return *sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), sprout::range_index_check(cont, i));
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+	range_at(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_at_impl(cont, i);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+	range_at(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_at_impl(cont, i);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_AT_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_back.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_back.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..26df30ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_back.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_BACK_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_BACK_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/is_const_cast_convertible.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_begin.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/as_const.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_back(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_back_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().back())>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_back_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_back
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_back
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_back_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct is_substitutable_const_back
+			: public sprout::bool_constant<
+				sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::reference,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::reference
+				>::value
+				&& (
+					sprout::detail::has_mem_back<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
+					)
+			>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_back<Container>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_back_impl(Container& cont) {
+			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference type;
+			return const_cast<type>(sprout::back(sprout::as_const(cont)));
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_back<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_back<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_back_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return cont.back();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_back<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_back<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_back_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return *sprout::begin(cont);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::has_mem_back<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_back_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return cont.back();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_back<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_back_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return *sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), sprout::size(cont) - 1);
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+	range_back(Container& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_back_impl(cont);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+	range_back(Container const& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_back_impl(cont);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_BACK_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_begin.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_begin.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85be8c7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_begin.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_BEGIN_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_BEGIN_HPP
+
+#include <iterator>
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/is_within_namespace_sprout.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/const_iterator_cast.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/as_const.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl begin(...);
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_begin(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	using sprout_adl::begin;
+
+	template<typename T>
+	struct has_adl_begin_test {
+	public:
+		template<
+			typename U = T,
+			typename R = typename sprout::identity<decltype(begin(std::declval<U>()))>::type
+		>
+		static sprout::is_found_via_adl<R> test(int);
+		static sprout::false_type test(...);
+	};
+
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+	range_adl_begin(Container& cont) {
+		return begin(cont);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+	range_adl_begin(Container const& cont) {
+		return begin(cont);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout_container_range_detail::has_adl_begin_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_adl_begin
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_adl_begin
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout_container_range_detail::has_adl_begin_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+		template<typename T, bool = sprout::is_within_namespace_sprout<T>::value>
+		struct has_adl_begin_without_sprout
+			: public sprout::false_type
+		{};
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T, false>
+			: public sprout::detail::has_adl_begin<T>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_begin_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().begin())>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_begin_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_begin
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_begin
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_begin_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct is_substitutable_const_begin
+			: public sprout::bool_constant<
+				sprout::is_const_iterator_cast_convertible<
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::iterator,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::iterator
+				>::value
+				&& (
+					sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
+						|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
+					)
+			>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_begin<Container>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_begin_impl(Container& cont) {
+			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator type;
+			return sprout::const_iterator_cast<type>(sprout::begin(sprout::as_const(cont)));
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_begin<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_begin_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return cont.begin();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_begin<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<Container&>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_begin_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return sprout_container_range_detail::range_adl_begin(cont);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_begin<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<Container&>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_begin_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return std::begin(cont);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_begin_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return cont.begin();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container const>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<Container const&>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_begin_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return sprout_container_range_detail::range_adl_begin(cont);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<Container const>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<Container const&>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_begin_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return std::begin(cont);
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+	range_begin(Container& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_begin_impl(cont);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+	range_begin(Container const& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_begin_impl(cont);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_BEGIN_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_data.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_data.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..da1dcb70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_data.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_DATA_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_DATA_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/is_const_cast_convertible.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/as_const.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_data(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_data_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().data())>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_data_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_data
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_data
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_data_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct is_substitutable_const_data
+			: public sprout::bool_constant<
+				sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::pointer,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::pointer
+				>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_data<T const>::value
+			>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_data<Container>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::pointer
+		>::type
+		range_data_impl(Container& cont) {
+			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::pointer type;
+			return const_cast<type>(sprout::data(sprout::as_const(cont)));
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_data<Container>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::pointer
+		>::type
+		range_data_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return cont.data();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::pointer
+		range_data_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return cont.data();
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::pointer
+	range_data(Container& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_data_impl(cont);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::pointer
+	range_data(Container const& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_data_impl(cont);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_DATA_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_empty.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_empty.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5eff229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_empty.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_EMPTY_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_EMPTY_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_empty(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_empty_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().empty())>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_empty_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_empty
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_empty
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_empty_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::has_mem_empty<Container const>::value,
+			bool
+		>::type
+		range_empty_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return cont.empty();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_empty<Container const>::value,
+			bool
+		>::type
+		range_empty_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return sprout::size(cont) == 0;
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool
+	range_empty(Container const& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_empty_impl(cont);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_EMPTY_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_end.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_end.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28a74e5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_end.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_END_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_END_HPP
+
+#include <iterator>
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/is_within_namespace_sprout.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/const_iterator_cast.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/as_const.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl end(...);
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_end(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	using sprout_adl::end;
+
+	template<typename T>
+	struct has_adl_end_test {
+	public:
+		template<
+			typename U = T,
+			typename R = typename sprout::identity<decltype(end(std::declval<U>()))>::type
+		>
+		static sprout::is_found_via_adl<R> test(int);
+		static sprout::false_type test(...);
+	};
+
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+	range_adl_end(Container& cont) {
+		return end(cont);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+	range_adl_end(Container const& cont) {
+		return end(cont);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout_container_range_detail::has_adl_end_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_adl_end
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_adl_end
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout_container_range_detail::has_adl_end_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+		template<typename T, bool = sprout::is_within_namespace_sprout<T>::value>
+		struct has_adl_end_without_sprout
+			: public sprout::false_type
+		{};
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_adl_end_without_sprout<T, false>
+			: public sprout::detail::has_adl_end<T>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_end_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().end())>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_end_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_end
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_end
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_end_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct is_substitutable_const_end
+			: public sprout::bool_constant<
+				sprout::is_const_iterator_cast_convertible<
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::iterator,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::iterator
+				>::value
+				&& (
+					sprout::detail::has_mem_end<T const>::value
+						|| sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<T const&>::value
+					)
+			>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_end<Container>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_end_impl(Container& cont) {
+			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator type;
+			return sprout::const_iterator_cast<type>(sprout::end(sprout::as_const(cont)));
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_end<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_end<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_end_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return cont.end();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_end<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_end<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<Container&>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_end_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return sprout_container_range_detail::range_adl_end(cont);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_end<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_end<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<Container&>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_end_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return std::end(cont);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::has_mem_end<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_end_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return cont.end();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_end<Container const>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<Container const&>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_end_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return sprout_container_range_detail::range_adl_end(cont);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_end<Container const>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_adl_end_without_sprout<Container const&>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_end_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return std::end(cont);
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+	range_end(Container& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_end_impl(cont);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+	range_end(Container const& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_end_impl(cont);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_END_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_front.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_front.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e3c05848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_front.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_FRONT_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_FRONT_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/is_const_cast_convertible.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_begin.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/as_const.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_front(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_front_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().front())>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_front_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_front
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_front
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_front_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct is_substitutable_const_front
+			: public sprout::bool_constant<
+				sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::reference,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::reference
+				>::value
+				&& (
+					sprout::detail::has_mem_front<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
+					)
+			>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_front<Container>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_front_impl(Container& cont) {
+			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference type;
+			return const_cast<type>(sprout::front(sprout::as_const(cont)));
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_front<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_front<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_front_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return cont.front();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_front<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_front<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_front_impl(Container& cont) {
+			return *sprout::begin(cont);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::has_mem_front<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_front_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return cont.front();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_front<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_front_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return *sprout::begin(cont);
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+	range_front(Container& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_front_impl(cont);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+	range_front(Container const& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_front_impl(cont);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_FRONT_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_index_of.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_index_of.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d02ac17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_index_of.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_INDEX_OF_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_INDEX_OF_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_begin.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/const_iterator_cast.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/as_const.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_index_of(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_index_of_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().index_of(std::declval<typename sprout::container_traits<U>::iterator>()))>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_index_of
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_index_of
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct is_substitutable_const_index_of
+			: public sprout::bool_constant<
+				sprout::is_const_iterator_cast_convertible<
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::iterator,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::iterator
+				>::value
+				&& (
+					sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
+					)
+			>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_index_of<Container>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
+		>::type
+		range_index_of_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator p) {
+			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator type;
+			return sprout::index_of(sprout::as_const(cont), sprout::const_iterator_cast<type>(p));
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_index_of<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
+		>::type
+		range_index_of_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator p) {
+			return cont.index_of(p);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_index_of<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
+		>::type
+		range_index_of_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator p) {
+			return sprout::distance(sprout::begin(cont), p);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+		>::type
+		range_index_of_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator p) {
+			return cont.index_of(p);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_index_of<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+		>::type
+		range_index_of_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator p) {
+			return sprout::distance(sprout::begin(cont), p);
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type
+	range_index_of(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator p) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_index_of_impl(cont, p);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+	range_index_of(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator p) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_index_of_impl(cont, p);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_INDEX_OF_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_nth.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_nth.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c833d471
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_nth.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_NTH_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_NTH_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_begin.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/const_iterator_cast.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/as_const.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_nth(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_nth_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().nth(std::declval<typename sprout::container_traits<U>::size_type>()))>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_nth_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_nth
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_nth
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_nth_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct is_substitutable_const_nth
+			: public sprout::bool_constant<
+				sprout::is_const_iterator_cast_convertible<
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::iterator,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::iterator
+				>::value
+				&& (
+					sprout::detail::has_mem_nth<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
+					)
+			>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_nth<Container>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_nth_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator type;
+			return sprout::const_iterator_cast<type>(sprout::nth(sprout::as_const(cont), i));
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_nth<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_nth<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_nth_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			return cont.nth(i);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_nth<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_nth<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_nth_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			return sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), i);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::has_mem_nth<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_nth_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+			return cont.nth(i);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_nth<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+		>::type
+		range_nth_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+			return sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), i);
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::iterator
+	range_nth(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_nth_impl(cont, i);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::iterator
+	range_nth(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_nth_impl(cont, i);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_NTH_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_size.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_size.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2cf6457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_size.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_SIZE_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_SIZE_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_size(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_size_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>().size())>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_size_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_size
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_size
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_size_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::has_mem_size<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+		>::type
+		range_size_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return cont.size();
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_size<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+		>::type
+		range_size_impl(Container const& cont) {
+			return sprout::distance(sprout::begin(cont), sprout::end(cont));
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
+	range_size(Container const& cont) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_size_impl(cont);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_SIZE_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/detail/range_subscript_at.hpp b/sprout/container/detail/range_subscript_at.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3ccc2001
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/container/detail/range_subscript_at.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+/*=============================================================================
+  Copyright (c) 2011-2016 Bolero MURAKAMI
+  https://github.com/bolero-MURAKAMI/Sprout
+
+  Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
+  file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+=============================================================================*/
+#ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_SUBSCRIPT_AT_HPP
+#define SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_SUBSCRIPT_AT_HPP
+
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/integral_constant.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/identity.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/is_const_cast_convertible.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/traits_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/container_traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/detail/range_begin.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/as_const.hpp>
+#include <sprout/adl/not_found.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout_adl {
+	sprout::not_found_via_adl range_subscript_at(...);
+}	// namespace sprout_adl
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_subscript_test {
+		public:
+			template<
+				typename U = T,
+				typename = typename sprout::identity<decltype(std::declval<U>()[std::declval<typename sprout::container_traits<U>::size_type>()])>::type
+			>
+			static sprout::true_type test(int);
+			static sprout::false_type test(...);
+		};
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER > 1900)
+		template<typename T, typename Base_ = typename sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript_test<T>::test(0))>::type>
+		struct has_mem_subscript
+			: public Base_
+		{};
+#else
+		template<typename T>
+		struct has_mem_subscript
+			: public sprout::identity<decltype(sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript_test<T>::test(0))>::type
+		{};
+#endif
+
+		template<typename T>
+		struct is_substitutable_const_subscript_at
+			: public sprout::bool_constant<
+				sprout::is_const_cast_convertible<
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T const>::reference,
+					typename sprout::container_traits<T>::reference
+				>::value
+				&& (
+					sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_mem_begin<T const>::value
+					|| sprout::detail::has_adl_begin_without_sprout<T const&>::value
+					)
+			>
+		{};
+
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_subscript_at<Container>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_subscript_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			typedef typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference type;
+			return const_cast<type>(sprout::subscript_at(sprout::as_const(cont), i));
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_subscript_at<Container>::value
+				&& sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_subscript_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			return cont[i];
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::is_substitutable_const_subscript_at<Container>::value
+				&& !sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container>::value
+				,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_subscript_at_impl(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+			return *sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), i);
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_subscript_at_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+			return cont[i];
+		}
+		template<typename Container>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+			!sprout::detail::has_mem_subscript<Container const>::value,
+			typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+		>::type
+		range_subscript_at_impl(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+			return *sprout::next(sprout::begin(cont), i);
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+namespace sprout_container_range_detail {
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::reference
+	range_subscript_at(Container& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container>::size_type i) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_subscript_at_impl(cont, i);
+	}
+	template<typename Container>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::reference
+	range_subscript_at(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
+		return sprout::detail::range_subscript_at_impl(cont, i);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout_container_range_detail
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_DETAIL_RANGE_SUBSCRIPT_AT_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp b/sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp
index c0e99e9d..db67219e 100644
--- a/sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/range_functions_fwd.hpp
@@ -131,7 +131,4 @@ namespace sprout {
 	shrink_to_fit(Container&& cont);
 }	// namespace sprout
 
-#include <sprout/container/size.hpp>
-#include <sprout/container/empty.hpp>
-
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_CONTAINER_RANGE_FUNCTIONS_FWD_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/container/range_index_check.hpp b/sprout/container/range_index_check.hpp
index 57908d87..bc4990b8 100644
--- a/sprout/container/range_index_check.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/range_index_check.hpp
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename Container>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type
 	range_index_check(Container const& cont, typename sprout::container_traits<Container const>::size_type i) {
-		return i >= sprout::size(cont) ? throw std::out_of_range("range_index_check: index out of range")
-			: i
+		return i < sprout::size(cont) ? i
+			: throw std::out_of_range("range_index_check: index out of range")
 			;
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
diff --git a/sprout/container/sscrisk/cel/array.hpp b/sprout/container/sscrisk/cel/array.hpp
index 6419a8f4..9310a758 100644
--- a/sprout/container/sscrisk/cel/array.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/sscrisk/cel/array.hpp
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	struct container_traits<sscrisk::cel::array<T, N> >
-		: public sprout::detail::container_traits_default<sscrisk::cel::array<T, N> >
+		: public sprout::container_traits_default<sscrisk::cel::array<T, N> >
 	{
 	public:
 		typedef sprout::index_iterator<sscrisk::cel::array<T, N>&, true, sprout::detail::const_subscript<> > iterator;
diff --git a/sprout/container/std/array.hpp b/sprout/container/std/array.hpp
index 911ee21b..11b18085 100644
--- a/sprout/container/std/array.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/std/array.hpp
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	struct container_traits<std::array<T, N> >
-		: public sprout::detail::container_traits_default<std::array<T, N> >
+		: public sprout::container_traits_default<std::array<T, N> >
 	{
 	public:
 		typedef sprout::index_iterator<std::array<T, N>&, true, sprout::detail::const_subscript<> > iterator;
@@ -38,10 +38,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	struct container_range_traits<std::array<T, N> >
-		: public sprout::detail::container_range_traits_default<std::array<T, N> >
+		: public sprout::container_range_traits_default<std::array<T, N> >
 	{
-	private:
-		typedef sprout::detail::container_range_traits_default<std::array<T, N> > base_type;
 	public:
 		// iterators:
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<std::array<T, N> >::iterator
diff --git a/sprout/container/std/complex.hpp b/sprout/container/std/complex.hpp
index 9ab2bdde..444fd2fc 100644
--- a/sprout/container/std/complex.hpp
+++ b/sprout/container/std/complex.hpp
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	template<typename T>
 	struct container_range_traits<std::complex<T> >
-		: public sprout::detail::container_range_traits_default<std::complex<T> >
+		: public sprout::container_range_traits_default<std::complex<T> >
 	{
 	public:
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<std::complex<T> >::iterator
diff --git a/sprout/range/range_container.hpp b/sprout/range/range_container.hpp
index dabfb564..c6472f9c 100644
--- a/sprout/range/range_container.hpp
+++ b/sprout/range/range_container.hpp
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	template<typename Iterator>
 	struct container_traits<sprout::range::range_container<Iterator> >
-		: public sprout::detail::container_traits_default<sprout::range::range_container<Iterator> >
+		: public sprout::container_traits_default<sprout::range::range_container<Iterator> >
 	{};
 }	// namespace sprout
 
diff --git a/sprout/rational/container.hpp b/sprout/rational/container.hpp
index 9d2bd1b2..cc0e8d45 100644
--- a/sprout/rational/container.hpp
+++ b/sprout/rational/container.hpp
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	//
 	template<typename T>
 	struct container_range_traits<sprout::rational<T> >
-		: public sprout::detail::container_range_traits_default<sprout::rational<T> >
+		: public sprout::container_range_traits_default<sprout::rational<T> >
 	{
 	public:
 		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::container_traits<sprout::rational<T> >::iterator