diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/clamp_range_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/clamp_range_copy.hpp
index 3a9b6032..cdd5e704 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/clamp_range_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/clamp_range_copy.hpp
@@ -8,8 +8,10 @@
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/clamp_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/clamp.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 #include HDR_FUNCTIONAL_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT
 
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					sprout::distance(first, last)
 					);
 			}
+
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Compare, typename... Args>
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
 				sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size == sizeof...(Args),
@@ -107,6 +110,41 @@ namespace sprout {
 			{
 				return sprout::fixed::detail::clamp_range_copy_impl(first, last, result, low, high, comp, sprout::size(result));
 			}
+
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Compare>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			clamp_range_copy(
+				InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result,
+				typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type const& low,
+				typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type const& high,
+				Compare comp
+				)
+			{
+				typedef typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::iterator_category* category;
+				return sprout::fixed::detail::clamp_range_copy(first, last, result, low, high, comp, category());
+			}
+
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Compare>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				!sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			clamp_range_copy(
+				InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result,
+				typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type const& low,
+				typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type const& high,
+				Compare comp
+				)
+			{
+				return sprout::remake<Result>(
+					result, sprout::size(result),
+					sprout::make_clamp_iterator(first, low, high, comp),
+					sprout::make_clamp_iterator(last, low, high, comp)
+					);
+			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
 		// clamp_range_copy
@@ -120,8 +158,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			Compare comp
 			)
 		{
-			typedef typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::iterator_category* category;
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::clamp_range_copy(first, last, result, low, high, comp, category());
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::clamp_range_copy(first, last, result, low, high, comp);
 		}
 		template<typename InputIterator, typename Result>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
@@ -136,6 +173,28 @@ namespace sprout {
 				NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::less<typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type>()
 				);
 		}
+
+		template<typename Result, typename InputIterator, typename Compare>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+		clamp_range_copy(
+			InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type const& low,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type const& high,
+			Compare comp
+			)
+		{
+			return sprout::fixed::clamp_range_copy(first, last, sprout::pit<Result>(), low, high, comp);
+		}
+		template<typename Result, typename InputIterator>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+		clamp_range_copy(
+			InputIterator first, InputIterator last,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type const& low,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type const& high
+			)
+		{
+			return sprout::fixed::clamp_range_copy(first, last, sprout::pit<Result>(), low, high);
+		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
 	using sprout::fixed::clamp_range_copy;
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp
index 9a3c8f91..4cee29e7 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 			{
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
+					result, sprout::size(result),
 					(Indexes >= offset && sprout::math::less(Indexes, offset + size) && sprout::math::less(Indexes, offset + input_size)
 						? first[Indexes - offset]
 						: *sprout::next(sprout::internal_begin(result), Indexes)
@@ -107,8 +106,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>::type
 			copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result) {
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
+					result, sprout::size(result),
 					first, last
 					);
 			}
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_backward.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_backward.hpp
index c302a43d..ad96c64f 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_backward.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_backward.hpp
@@ -27,8 +27,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 			{
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
+					result, sprout::size(result),
 					(Indexes < offset && sprout::math::greater_equal(Indexes + size, offset) && sprout::math::greater_equal(Indexes + input_size, offset)
 						? last[Indexes - offset]
 						: *sprout::next(sprout::internal_begin(result), Indexes)
@@ -101,19 +100,6 @@ namespace sprout {
 				typedef typename std::iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::iterator_category* category;
 				return sprout::fixed::detail::copy_backward(first, last, result, category());
 			}
-
-			template<typename BidirectionalIterator, typename Result>
-			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
-				!sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type
-			copy_backward(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, Result const& result) {
-				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
-					first, last
-					);
-			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
 		// copy_backward
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_if.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_if.hpp
index a173e95e..37fea48d 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_if.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_if.hpp
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>::type
 			copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred) {
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
-					sprout::make_filter_iterator(pred, first, last), sprout::make_filter_iterator(pred, last, last)
+					result, sprout::size(result),
+					sprout::make_filter_iterator(pred, first, last),
+					sprout::make_filter_iterator(pred, last, last)
 					);
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_until.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_until.hpp
index 03bfb09c..17dcd61c 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_until.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_until.hpp
@@ -7,9 +7,12 @@
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/while_iterator.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/not1.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/find_if.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -24,6 +27,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			{
 				return sprout::fixed::copy(first, sprout::find_if(first, last, pred), result);
 			}
+
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate, typename... Args>
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
 				sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size == sizeof...(Args),
@@ -62,6 +66,29 @@ namespace sprout {
 			{
 				return sprout::fixed::detail::copy_until_impl(first, last, result, pred, sprout::size(result));
 			}
+
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			copy_until(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred) {
+				typedef typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::iterator_category* category;
+				return sprout::fixed::detail::copy_until(first, last, result, pred, category());
+			}
+
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				!sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			copy_until(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred) {
+				return sprout::remake<Result>(
+					result, sprout::size(result),
+					sprout::make_while_iterator(sprout::not1(pred), first, last),
+					sprout::make_while_iterator(sprout::not1(pred), last, last)
+					);
+			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
 		// copy_until
@@ -69,8 +96,13 @@ namespace sprout {
 		template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
 		copy_until(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred) {
-			typedef typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::iterator_category* category;
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::copy_until(first, last, result, pred, category());
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::copy_until(first, last, result, pred);
+		}
+
+		template<typename Result, typename InputIterator, typename Predicate>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+		copy_until(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred) {
+			return sprout::fixed::copy_until(first, last, sprout::pit<Result>(), pred);
 		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_while.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_while.hpp
index 93d623c8..4c641900 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_while.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy_while.hpp
@@ -7,9 +7,11 @@
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/while_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/find_if_not.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/copy.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -24,6 +26,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			{
 				return sprout::fixed::copy(first, sprout::find_if_not(first, last, pred), result);
 			}
+
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate, typename... Args>
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
 				sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size == sizeof...(Args),
@@ -62,6 +65,29 @@ namespace sprout {
 			{
 				return sprout::fixed::detail::copy_while_impl(first, last, result, pred, sprout::size(result));
 			}
+
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			copy_while(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred) {
+				typedef typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::iterator_category* category;
+				return sprout::fixed::detail::copy_while(first, last, result, pred, category());
+			}
+
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				!sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			copy_while(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred) {
+				return sprout::remake<Result>(
+					result, sprout::size(result),
+					sprout::make_while_iterator(pred, first, last),
+					sprout::make_while_iterator(pred, last, last)
+					);
+			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
 		// copy_while
@@ -69,8 +95,13 @@ namespace sprout {
 		template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
 		copy_while(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred) {
-			typedef typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::iterator_category* category;
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::copy_while(first, last, result, pred, category());
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::copy_while(first, last, result, pred);
+		}
+
+		template< typename Result, typename InputIterator,typename Predicate>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+		copy_while(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred) {
+			return sprout::fixed::copy_while(first, last, sprout::pit<Result>(), pred);
 		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill.hpp
index 5e9a3ba0..dfa03cef 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/value_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace fixed {
@@ -22,8 +23,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 			{
 				return sprout::remake<Container>(
-					cont,
-					sprout::size(cont),
+					cont, sprout::size(cont),
 					(Indexes >= offset && Indexes < offset + size
 						? value
 						: *sprout::next(sprout::internal_begin(cont), Indexes)
@@ -52,9 +52,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>::type
 			fill(Container const& cont, T const& value) {
 				return sprout::remake<Container>(
-					cont,
-					sprout::size(cont),
-					sprout::value_iterator<T const&>(value), sprout::value_iterator<T const&>(value, 0)
+					cont, sprout::size(cont),
+					sprout::value_iterator<T const&>(value, sprout::size(cont)),
+					sprout::value_iterator<T const&>(value, 0)
 					);
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
@@ -66,6 +66,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 		fill(Container const& cont, T const& value) {
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::fill(cont, value);
 		}
+
+		template<typename Container, typename T>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type
+		fill(T const& value) {
+			return sprout::fixed::fill(sprout::pit<Container>(), value);
+		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
 	using sprout::fixed::fill;
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill_n.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill_n.hpp
index 416f9525..c354511c 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill_n.hpp
@@ -5,8 +5,10 @@
 #include <sprout/index_tuple.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/value_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/fill.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace fixed {
@@ -32,9 +34,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>::type
 			fill_n(Container const& cont, Size n, T const& value) {
 				return sprout::remake<Container>(
-					cont,
-					n,
-					sprout::value_iterator<T const&>(value, n), sprout::value_iterator<T const&>(value, 0)
+					cont, n,
+					sprout::value_iterator<T const&>(value, n),
+					sprout::value_iterator<T const&>(value, 0)
 					);
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
@@ -46,6 +48,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 		fill_n(Container const& cont, Size n, T const& value) {
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::fill_n(cont, n, value);
 		}
+
+		template<typename Container, typename Size, typename T>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type
+		fill_n(Size n, T const& value) {
+			return sprout::fixed::fill_n(sprout::pit<Container>(), n, value);
+		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
 	using sprout::fixed::fill_n;
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/generate.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/generate.hpp
index b0f9b0bd..5575118c 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/generate.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/generate.hpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/generator/functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -80,6 +81,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 		generate(Container const& cont, Generator const& gen) {
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::generate_impl(cont, gen, sprout::size(cont));
 		}
+
+		template<typename Container, typename Generator>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type
+		generate(Generator const& gen) {
+			return sprout::fixed::generate(sprout::pit<Container>());
+		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
 	using sprout::fixed::generate;
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/generate_n.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/generate_n.hpp
index 8112fc85..8cc1d27c 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/generate_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/generate_n.hpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/generate.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace fixed {
@@ -16,6 +17,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 		generate_n(Container const& cont, Size n, Generator const& gen) {
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::generate_impl(cont, gen, n);
 		}
+
+		template<typename Container, typename Size, typename Generator>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type
+		generate_n(Size n, Generator const& gen) {
+			return sprout::fixed::generate_n(sprout::pit<Container>(), n, gen);
+		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
 	using sprout::fixed::generate_n;
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/recurrence.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/recurrence.hpp
index dd80aec6..66cd4040 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/recurrence.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/recurrence.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -146,6 +147,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 		recurrence(Container const& cont, Generator const& gen, Inits const&... inits) {
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::recurrence_impl(cont, gen, sprout::size(cont), inits...);
 		}
+
+		template<typename Container, typename Generator, typename... Inits>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type
+		recurrence(Generator const& gen, Inits const&... inits) {
+			return sprout::fixed::recurrence(sprout::pit<Container>(), gen, inits...);
+		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
 	using sprout::fixed::recurrence;
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/recurrence_n.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/recurrence_n.hpp
index 5059d2c4..a41297b2 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/recurrence_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/recurrence_n.hpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/recurrence.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace fixed {
@@ -16,6 +17,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 		recurrence_n(Container const& cont, Size n, Generator const& gen, Inits const&... inits) {
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::recurrence_impl(cont, gen, n, inits...);
 		}
+
+		template<typename Container, typename Size, typename Generator, typename... Inits>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type
+		recurrence_n(Size n, Generator const& gen, Inits const&... inits) {
+			return sprout::fixed::recurrence_n(sprout::pit<Container>(), n, gen, inits...);
+		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
 	using sprout::fixed::recurrence_n;
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/remove_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/remove_copy.hpp
index 3d308e9e..3c03941b 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/remove_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/remove_copy.hpp
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/remove_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -45,6 +47,28 @@ namespace sprout {
 					: sprout::detail::container_complate(result, args...)
 					;
 			}
+
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename T>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			remove_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, T const& value) {
+				return sprout::fixed::detail::remove_copy_impl(first, last, result, value, sprout::size(result));
+			}
+
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename T>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				!sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			remove_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, T const& value) {
+				return sprout::remake<Result>(
+					result, sprout::size(result),
+					sprout::make_remove_iterator(value, first, last),
+					sprout::make_remove_iterator(value, last, last)
+					);
+			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
 		// remove_copy
@@ -52,7 +76,13 @@ namespace sprout {
 		template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename T>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
 		remove_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, T const& value) {
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::remove_copy_impl(first, last, result, value, sprout::size(result));
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::remove_copy(first, last, result, value);
+		}
+
+		template<typename Result, typename InputIterator, typename T>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+		remove_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, T const& value) {
+			return sprout::fixed::remove_copy(first, last, sprout::pit<Result>(), value);
 		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/remove_copy_if.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/remove_copy_if.hpp
index bc047e16..e1be2a5d 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/remove_copy_if.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/remove_copy_if.hpp
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/remove_if_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -45,6 +47,28 @@ namespace sprout {
 					: sprout::detail::container_complate(result, args...)
 					;
 			}
+
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			remove_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred) {
+				return sprout::fixed::detail::remove_copy_if_impl(first, last, result, pred, sprout::size(result));
+			}
+
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				!sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			remove_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred) {
+				return sprout::remake<Result>(
+					result, sprout::size(result),
+					sprout::make_remove_if_iterator(pred, first, last),
+					sprout::make_remove_if_iterator(pred, last, last)
+					);
+			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
 		// remove_copy_if
@@ -52,7 +76,13 @@ namespace sprout {
 		template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename Predicate>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
 		remove_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred) {
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::remove_copy_if_impl(first, last, result, pred, sprout::size(result));
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::remove_copy_if(first, last, result, pred);
+		}
+
+		template<typename Result, typename InputIterator, typename Predicate>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+		remove_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Predicate pred) {
+			return sprout::fixed::remove_copy_if(first, last, sprout::pit<Result>(), pred);
 		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy.hpp
index 84e3bba3..a765d887 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy.hpp
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 			{
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
+					result, sprout::size(result),
 					(Indexes >= offset && Indexes < offset + size && Indexes < offset + input_size
 						? NS_SSCRISK_CEL_OR_SPROUT::equal_to<T>()(first[Indexes - offset], old_value) ? new_value : first[Indexes - offset]
 						: *sprout::next(sprout::internal_begin(result), Indexes)
@@ -117,8 +116,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>::type
 			replace_copy(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, T const& old_value, T const& new_value) {
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
+					result, sprout::size(result),
 					sprout::make_replace_iterator(first, old_value, new_value),
 					sprout::make_replace_iterator(last, old_value, new_value)
 					);
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy_if.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy_if.hpp
index 00bdf965..b3afce1e 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy_if.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/replace_copy_if.hpp
@@ -28,8 +28,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 			{
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
+					result, sprout::size(result),
 					(Indexes >= offset && Indexes < offset + size && Indexes < offset + input_size
 						? pred(first[Indexes - offset]) ? new_value : first[Indexes - offset]
 						: *sprout::next(sprout::internal_begin(result), Indexes)
@@ -116,8 +115,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>::type
 			replace_copy_if(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, Predicate pred, T const& new_value) {
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
+					result, sprout::size(result),
 					sprout::make_replace_if_iterator(first, pred, new_value),
 					sprout::make_replace_if_iterator(last, pred, new_value)
 					);
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/reverse_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/reverse_copy.hpp
index c253aafe..fd93f55a 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/reverse_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/reverse_copy.hpp
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -48,6 +50,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					sprout::distance(first, last)
 					);
 			}
+
 			template<typename BidirectionalIterator, typename Result, typename... Args>
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
 				sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size == sizeof...(Args),
@@ -86,6 +89,29 @@ namespace sprout {
 			{
 				return sprout::fixed::detail::reverse_copy_impl(first, last, result, sprout::size(result));
 			}
+
+			template<typename BidirectionalIterator, typename Result>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			reverse_copy(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, Result const& result) {
+				typedef typename std::iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::iterator_category* category;
+				return sprout::fixed::detail::reverse_copy(first, last, result, category());
+			}
+
+			template<typename BidirectionalIterator, typename Result>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				!sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			reverse_copy(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, Result const& result) {
+				return sprout::remake<Result>(
+					result, sprout::size(result),
+					sprout::make_reverse_iterator(last),
+					sprout::make_reverse_iterator(first)
+					);
+			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
 		// reverse_copy
@@ -93,8 +119,13 @@ namespace sprout {
 		template<typename BidirectionalIterator, typename Result>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
 		reverse_copy(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last, Result const& result) {
-			typedef typename std::iterator_traits<BidirectionalIterator>::iterator_category* category;
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::reverse_copy(first, last, result, category());
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::reverse_copy(first, last, result);
+		}
+
+		template<typename Result, typename BidirectionalIterator>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+		reverse_copy(BidirectionalIterator first, BidirectionalIterator last) {
+			return sprout::fixed::reverse_copy(first, last, sprout::pit<Result>());
 		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/rotate_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/rotate_copy.hpp
index f3731ffe..af7179e3 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/rotate_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/rotate_copy.hpp
@@ -8,7 +8,9 @@
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/joint_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -56,6 +58,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					sprout::distance(first, last)
 					);
 			}
+
 			template<typename ForwardIterator, typename Result, typename... Args>
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
 				sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size == sizeof...(Args),
@@ -129,6 +132,29 @@ namespace sprout {
 			{
 				return sprout::fixed::detail::rotate_copy_impl(first, middle, last, result, sprout::size(result));
 			}
+
+			template<typename ForwardIterator, typename Result>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			rotate_copy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle, ForwardIterator last, Result const& result) {
+				typedef typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::iterator_category* category;
+				return sprout::fixed::detail::rotate_copy(first, middle, last, result, category());
+			}
+
+			template<typename ForwardIterator, typename Result>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+				!sprout::is_fixed_container<Result>::value,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type
+			rotate_copy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle, ForwardIterator last, Result const& result) {
+				return sprout::remake<Result>(
+					result, sprout::size(result),
+					sprout::make_joint_iterator(middle, last, first, first),
+					sprout::make_joint_iterator(last, last, first, middle)
+					);
+			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
 		// rotate_copy
@@ -136,8 +162,13 @@ namespace sprout {
 		template<typename ForwardIterator, typename Result>
 		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
 		rotate_copy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle, ForwardIterator last, Result const& result) {
-			typedef typename std::iterator_traits<ForwardIterator>::iterator_category* category;
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::rotate_copy(first, middle, last, result, category());
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::rotate_copy(first, middle, last, result);
+		}
+
+		template<typename Result, typename ForwardIterator>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+		rotate_copy(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator middle, ForwardIterator last) {
+			return sprout::fixed::rotate_copy(first, middle, last, sprout::pit<Result>());
 		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/swap_element_copy.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/swap_element_copy.hpp
index d15b699c..a94a9a02 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/swap_element_copy.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/swap_element_copy.hpp
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 					sprout::distance(first, last)
 					);
 			}
+
 			template<typename ForwardIterator, typename Result, typename... Args>
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
 				sprout::container_traits<Result>::static_size == sizeof...(Args),
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/transform.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/transform.hpp
index 3f32cac4..464054aa 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/transform.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/transform.hpp
@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 			{
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
+					result, sprout::size(result),
 					(Indexes >= offset && Indexes < offset + size && Indexes < offset + input_size
 						? op(first[Indexes - offset])
 						: *sprout::next(sprout::internal_begin(result), Indexes)
@@ -114,9 +113,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>::type
 			transform(InputIterator first, InputIterator last, Result const& result, UnaryOperation op) {
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
-					sprout::make_transform_iterator(first, op), sprout::make_transform_iterator(last, op)
+					result, sprout::size(result),
+					sprout::make_transform_iterator(first, op),
+					sprout::make_transform_iterator(last, op)
 					);
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
@@ -148,8 +147,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 			{
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
+					result, sprout::size(result),
 					(Indexes >= offset && Indexes < offset + size && Indexes < offset + input_size
 						? op(first1[Indexes - offset], first2[Indexes - offset])
 						: *sprout::next(sprout::internal_begin(result), Indexes)
@@ -232,8 +230,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			>::type
 			transform(InputIterator1 first1, InputIterator1 last1, InputIterator2 first2, Result const& result, BinaryOperation op) {
 				return sprout::remake<Result>(
-					result,
-					sprout::size(result),
+					result, sprout::size(result),
 					sprout::make_transform_iterator(first1, first2, op),
 					sprout::make_transform_iterator(last1, first2, op)
 					);
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/unfold.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/unfold.hpp
index f267e920..6b24edb4 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/unfold.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/unfold.hpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/generator/functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 #include <sprout/detail/container_complate.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
@@ -79,6 +80,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 		unfold(Container const& cont, Generator const& gen, Init const& init) {
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::unfold_impl(cont, gen, init, sprout::size(cont));
 		}
+
+		template<typename Container, typename Generator, typename Init>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type
+		unfold(Generator const& gen, Init const& init) {
+			return sprout::fixed::unfold(sprout::pit<Container>(), gen, init);
+		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
 	using sprout::fixed::unfold;
diff --git a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/unfold_n.hpp b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/unfold_n.hpp
index 9431eb68..e78fb199 100644
--- a/sprout/algorithm/fixed/unfold_n.hpp
+++ b/sprout/algorithm/fixed/unfold_n.hpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <sprout/container/traits.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/unfold.hpp>
+#include <sprout/pit.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace fixed {
@@ -16,6 +17,12 @@ namespace sprout {
 		unfold_n(Container const& cont, Size n, Generator const& gen, Init const& init) {
 			return sprout::fixed::detail::unfold_impl(cont, gen, init, n);
 		}
+
+		template<typename Container, typename Size,typename Generator, typename Init>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type
+		unfold_n(Size n, Generator const& gen, Init const& init) {
+			return sprout::fixed::unfold_n(sprout::pit<Container>(), n, gen, init);
+		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
 	using sprout::fixed::unfold_n;
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/adaptor.hpp b/sprout/iterator/adaptor.hpp
index e3316b6e..b4f40618 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/adaptor.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/adaptor.hpp
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 #include <sprout/iterator/replace_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/replace_if_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/filter_iterator.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/remove_iterator.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/remove_if_iterator.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/while_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/step_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/indexed_iterator.hpp>
 #include <sprout/iterator/valued_iterator.hpp>
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/remake_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/remake_iterator.hpp
index 9af4af84..18417c96 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/remake_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/remake_iterator.hpp
@@ -178,14 +178,14 @@ namespace sprout {
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR remake_iterator next() const {
 			return remake_iterator(
 				sprout::next(current), (is_in_copying() ? sprout::next(current2) : current2),
-				fst, last,
+				fst, lst,
 				begin_off - 1, end_off - 1
 				);
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR remake_iterator prev() const {
 			return remake_iterator(
 				sprout::prev(current), (begin_off < 0 && end_off >= 0 ? sprout::prev(current2) : current2),
-				fst, last,
+				fst, lst,
 				begin_off + 1, end_off + 1
 				);
 		}
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/remove_if_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/remove_if_iterator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..64f94b1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/iterator/remove_if_iterator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_ITERATOR_REMOVE_IF_ITERATOR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_ITERATOR_REMOVE_IF_ITERATOR_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/filter_iterator.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// remove_if_filter
+	//
+	template<typename Predicate>
+	class remove_if_filter {
+	public:
+		typedef bool result_type;
+	private:
+		Predicate pred_;
+	public:
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR remove_if_filter(Predicate pred)
+			: pred_(pred)
+		{}
+		template<typename U>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator()(U const& value) const {
+			return !pred_(value);
+		}
+	};
+
+	//
+	// make_remove_if_iterator
+	//
+	template<typename Predicate, typename Iterator>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::filter_iterator<sprout::remove_if_filter<Predicate>, Iterator>
+	make_remove_if_iterator(Predicate pred, Iterator it, Iterator last = Iterator()) {
+		return sprout::filter_iterator<sprout::remove_if_filter<Predicate>, Iterator>(
+			sprout::remove_if_filter<Predicate>(pred), it, last
+			);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// SPROUT_ITERATOR_REMOVE_IF_ITERATOR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/remove_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/remove_iterator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0627c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/iterator/remove_iterator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_ITERATOR_REMOVE_ITERATOR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_ITERATOR_REMOVE_ITERATOR_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/filter_iterator.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// remove_filter
+	//
+	template<typename T>
+	class remove_filter {
+	public:
+		typedef bool result_type;
+	private:
+		T value_;
+	public:
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR remove_filter(T const& value)
+			: value_(value)
+		{}
+		template<typename U>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator()(U const& value) const {
+			return value != value_;
+		}
+	};
+
+	//
+	// make_remove_iterator
+	//
+	template<typename T, typename Iterator>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::filter_iterator<sprout::remove_filter<T>, Iterator>
+	make_remove_iterator(T const& value, Iterator it, Iterator last = Iterator()) {
+		return sprout::filter_iterator<sprout::remove_filter<T>, Iterator>(
+			sprout::remove_filter<T>(value), it, last
+			);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// SPROUT_ITERATOR_REMOVE_ITERATOR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/replace_if_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/replace_if_iterator.hpp
index a68bd143..50fb658b 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/replace_if_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/replace_if_iterator.hpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	class replace_value_if {
 	public:
 		typedef Predicate predicate_type;
-		typedef T const& result_type;
+		typedef T result_type;
 		typedef T const& argument_type;
 	private:
 		Predicate pred_;
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/replace_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/replace_iterator.hpp
index c14ecaa3..01c46bad 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/replace_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/replace_iterator.hpp
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T>
 	class replace_value {
 	public:
-		typedef T const& result_type;
+		typedef T result_type;
 		typedef T const& argument_type;
 	private:
 		T old_;
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp
index 34690c22..fa808e89 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp
@@ -32,22 +32,17 @@ namespace sprout {
 		typedef typename std::iterator_traits<iterator_type>::reference reference;
 	protected:
 		iterator_type current;
-	private:
-		iterator_type deref_tmp;
 	public:
 		reverse_iterator() = default;
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reverse_iterator(reverse_iterator const& other)
 			: current(other.current)
-			, deref_tmp(other.deref_tmp)
 		{}
 		explicit SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reverse_iterator(iterator_type it)
 			: current(it)
-			, deref_tmp(sprout::prev(it))
 		{}
 		template<typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reverse_iterator(reverse_iterator<U> const& it)
 			: current(it.base())
-			, deref_tmp(sprout::prev(it.base()))
 		{}
 		template<typename U>
 		reverse_iterator& operator=(reverse_iterator<U> const& it) {
@@ -59,31 +54,27 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return current;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
-			return *deref_tmp;
+			return *sprout::prev(current);
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR pointer operator->() const {
-			return &*deref_tmp;
+			return &*(*this);
 		}
 		reverse_iterator& operator++() {
 			--current;
-			--deref_tmp;
 			return *this;
 		}
 		reverse_iterator operator++(int) {
 			reverse_iterator result(*this);
 			--current;
-			--deref_tmp;
 			return result;
 		}
 		reverse_iterator& operator--() {
 			++current;
-			++deref_tmp;
 			return *this;
 		}
 		reverse_iterator operator--(int) {
 			reverse_iterator temp(*this);
 			++current;
-			++deref_tmp;
 			return temp;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reverse_iterator operator+(difference_type n) const {
@@ -103,7 +94,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return *this;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
-			return *(deref_tmp - n);
+			return *(current - (n + 1));
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reverse_iterator next() const {
 			return reverse_iterator(sprout::prev(current));
@@ -114,11 +105,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 		void swap(reverse_iterator& other)
 		SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(
 			SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(swap(current, other.current))
-			&& SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(swap(deref_tmp, other.deref_tmp))
 			)
 		{
 			swap(current, other.current);
-			swap(deref_tmp, other.deref_tmp);
 		}
 	};
 
@@ -155,7 +144,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename Iterator1, typename Iterator2>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<Iterator1>() - std::declval<Iterator2>())
 	operator-(sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator1> const& lhs, sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator2> const& rhs) {
-		return lhs.base() - rhs.base();
+		return rhs.base() - lhs.base();
 	}
 	template<typename Iterator>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator>
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/while_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/while_iterator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9fc5efd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/iterator/while_iterator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_ITERATOR_WHILE_ITERATOR_HPP
+#define SPROUT_ITERATOR_WHILE_ITERATOR_HPP
+
+#include <iterator>
+#include <utility>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/next.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/prev.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/swap.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// while_iterator
+	//
+	template<typename Predicate, typename Iterator>
+	class while_iterator
+		: public std::iterator<
+			typename std::conditional<
+				std::is_convertible<typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category, std::random_access_iterator_tag>::value,
+				std::bidirectional_iterator_tag,
+				typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category
+			>::type,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference
+		>
+	{
+	public:
+		typedef Predicate predicate_type;
+		typedef Iterator iterator_type;
+		typedef typename std::conditional<
+			std::is_convertible<typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category, std::random_access_iterator_tag>::value,
+			std::bidirectional_iterator_tag,
+			typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::iterator_category
+		>::type iterator_category;
+		typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type value_type;
+		typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type difference_type;
+		typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::pointer pointer;
+		typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::reference reference;
+	private:
+		struct private_constructor_tag {};
+	private:
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR iterator_type find_next(iterator_type first, iterator_type last, Predicate pred) {
+			return first == last || pred(*first) ? first
+				: last
+				;
+		}
+		static SPROUT_CONSTEXPR iterator_type find_prev(iterator_type first, Predicate pred) {
+			return pred(*first) ? first
+				: find_prev(sprout::prev(first), pred)
+				;
+		}
+	protected:
+		iterator_type current;
+		iterator_type last;
+		Predicate pred;
+	private:
+		void satisfy_predicate() {
+			if (!pred(*current)) {
+				current = last;
+			}
+		}
+		void satisfy_predicate_backward() {
+			while (!pred(*current)) {
+				--current;
+			}
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR while_iterator(Predicate pred, iterator_type it, iterator_type last, private_constructor_tag)
+			: current(it)
+			, last(last)
+			, pred(pred)
+		{}
+	public:
+		while_iterator() = default;
+		while_iterator(while_iterator const&) = default;
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR while_iterator(Predicate pred, iterator_type it, iterator_type last = iterator_type())
+			: current(find_next(it, last, pred))
+			, last(last)
+			, pred(pred)
+		{}
+		template<typename U>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR while_iterator(while_iterator<Predicate, U> const& it)
+			: current(it.current)
+			, last(it.last)
+			, pred(it.pred)
+		{}
+		template<typename U>
+		while_iterator& operator=(while_iterator<Predicate, U> const& it) {
+			while_iterator temp(it);
+			temp.swap(*this);
+			return *this;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR iterator_type base() const {
+			return current;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR iterator_type end() const {
+			return last;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Predicate predicate() const {
+			return pred;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
+			return *current;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR pointer operator->() const {
+			return &*current;
+		}
+
+		while_iterator& operator++() {
+			++current;
+			satisfy_predicate();
+			return *this;
+		}
+		while_iterator operator++(int) {
+			while_iterator result(*this);
+			++current;
+			satisfy_predicate();
+			return result;
+		}
+		while_iterator& operator--() {
+			--current;
+			satisfy_predicate_backward();
+			return *this;
+		}
+		while_iterator operator--(int) {
+			while_iterator temp(*this);
+			--current;
+			satisfy_predicate_backward();
+			return temp;
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR while_iterator next() const {
+			return while_iterator(pred, find_next(sprout::next(current), last, pred), last, private_constructor_tag());
+		}
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR while_iterator prev() const {
+			return while_iterator(pred, find_prev(sprout::prev(current), pred), last, private_constructor_tag());
+		}
+		void swap(while_iterator& other)
+		SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(
+			SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(sprout::swap(current, other.current))
+			&& SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(sprout::swap(last, other.last))
+			&& SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(sprout::swap(pred, other.pred))
+			)
+		{
+			sprout::swap(current, other.current);
+			sprout::swap(last, other.last);
+			sprout::swap(pred, other.pred);
+		}
+	};
+
+	template<typename Predicate, typename Iterator1, typename Iterator2>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator==(
+		sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator1> const& lhs,
+		sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator2> const& rhs
+		)
+	{
+		return lhs.base() == rhs.base();
+	}
+	template<typename Predicate, typename Iterator1, typename Iterator2>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator!=(
+		sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator1> const& lhs,
+		sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator2> const& rhs
+		)
+	{
+		return !(lhs == rhs);
+	}
+
+	//
+	// make_while_iterator
+	//
+	template<typename Predicate, typename Iterator>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator>
+	make_while_iterator(Predicate pred, Iterator it, Iterator last = Iterator()) {
+		return sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator>(pred, it, last);
+	}
+
+	//
+	// swap
+	//
+	template<typename Predicate, typename Iterator>
+	inline void
+	swap(sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator>& lhs, sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator>& rhs)
+	SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(SPROUT_NOEXCEPT_EXPR(lhs.swap(rhs)))
+	{
+		lhs.swap(rhs);
+	}
+
+	//
+	// iterator_next
+	//
+	template<typename Predicate, typename Iterator>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator>
+	iterator_next(sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator> const& it) {
+		return it.next();
+	}
+
+	//
+	// iterator_prev
+	//
+	template<typename Predicate, typename Iterator>
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator>
+	iterator_prev(sprout::while_iterator<Predicate, Iterator> const& it) {
+		return it.prev();
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// SPROUT_ITERATOR_WHILE_ITERATOR_HPP