diff --git a/sprout/detail/iterator.hpp b/sprout/detail/iterator.hpp
index eb9b2a06..263f6ab2 100644
--- a/sprout/detail/iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/detail/iterator.hpp
@@ -7,6 +7,28 @@
 
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace detail {
+		namespace detail_ {
+			template<typename Iterator>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type distance(
+				Iterator first,
+				Iterator last
+				)
+			{
+				return first == last
+					? 0
+					: 1 + sprout::detail::detail_::distance(sprout::next(first), last)
+					;
+			}
+			template<typename Iterator>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::difference_type distance_impl(
+				Iterator first,
+				Iterator last
+				)
+			{
+				using sprout::detail::detail_::distance;
+				return distance(first, last);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail_
 		//
 		// distance
 		//
@@ -16,7 +38,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			Iterator last
 			)
 		{
-			return first == last ? 0 : 1 + sprout::detail::distance(sprout::next(first), last);
+			return sprout::detail::detail_::distance_impl(first, last);
 		}
 
 		template<typename Iterator>
@@ -43,7 +65,10 @@ namespace sprout {
 			Iterator last
 			)
 		{
-			return first == last ? 0 : sprout::detail::bidirectional_distance_impl(sprout::next(first), sprout::prev(first), last);
+			return first == last
+				? 0
+				: sprout::detail::bidirectional_distance_impl(sprout::next(first), sprout::prev(first), last)
+				;
 		}
 	}	// namespace detail
 }	// namespace sprout
diff --git a/sprout/fft/bitrev_table.hpp b/sprout/fft/bitrev_table.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1929212b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/fft/bitrev_table.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_FFT_BITREV_TABLE_HPP
+#define SPROUT_FFT_BITREV_TABLE_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/fft/fixed/bitrev_table.hpp>
+#include <sprout/fft/fit/bitrev_table.hpp>
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_FFT_BITREV_TABLE_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/fft/fit/bitrev_table.hpp b/sprout/fft/fit/bitrev_table.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b35ccd24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/fft/fit/bitrev_table.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_FFT_FIT_BITREV_TABLE_HPP
+#define SPROUT_FFT_FIT_BITREV_TABLE_HPP
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/fixed_container/traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/fixed_container/functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/fft/fixed/bitrev_table.hpp>
+#include <sprout/algorithm/fit/result_of.hpp>
+#include <sprout/sub_array.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace fit {
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Container>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fit::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type bitrev_table_impl(
+				Container const& cont,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Container>::difference_type offset
+				)
+			{
+				return sprout::sub_copy(
+					sprout::get_fixed(sprout::fixed::bitrev_table(cont)),
+					offset,
+					offset + sprout::size(cont)
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// bitrev_table
+		//
+		template<typename Container>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fit::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type bitrev_table(
+			Container const& cont
+			)
+		{
+			return sprout::fit::detail::bitrev_table_impl(cont, sprout::fixed_begin_offset(cont));
+		}
+	}	// namespace fit
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_FFT_FIT_BITREV_TABLE_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/fft/fixed/bitrev_table.hpp b/sprout/fft/fixed/bitrev_table.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..311e48eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/fft/fixed/bitrev_table.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_FFT_FIXED_BITREV_TABLE_HPP
+#define SPROUT_FFT_FIXED_BITREV_TABLE_HPP
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/index_tuple.hpp>
+#include <sprout/fixed_container/traits.hpp>
+#include <sprout/fixed_container/functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/iterator/operation.hpp>
+#include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
+#include <sprout/integer/bit_reverse.hpp>
+#include <sprout/integer/bit_length.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	 namespace fixed {
+		 namespace detail {
+			template<typename Container, std::ptrdiff_t... Indexes>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type bitrev_table_impl(
+				Container const& cont,
+				sprout::index_tuple<Indexes...>,
+				std::size_t bit_length,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Container>::difference_type offset,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Container>::size_type size
+				)
+			{
+				return sprout::remake_clone<Container>(
+					cont,
+					sprout::size(cont),
+					(Indexes >= offset && Indexes < offset + size
+						? sprout::bit_reverse_in(
+							static_cast<typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Container>::value_type>(Indexes - offset),
+							bit_length
+							)
+						: *sprout::next(sprout::fixed_begin(cont), Indexes)
+						)...
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// bitrev_table
+		//
+		template<typename Container>
+		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Container>::type bitrev_table(
+			Container const& cont
+			)
+		{
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::bitrev_table_impl(
+				cont,
+				typename sprout::index_range<0, sprout::fixed_container_traits<Container>::fixed_size>::type(),
+				sprout::empty(cont)
+					? 0
+					: sprout::bit_length(sprout::size(cont) - 1)
+					,
+				sprout::fixed_begin_offset(cont),
+				sprout::size(cont)
+				);
+		}
+	}	// namespace fixed
+
+	using sprout::fixed::bitrev_table;
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_FFT_FIXED_BITREV_TABLE_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/integer/bit_length.hpp b/sprout/integer/bit_length.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c415e818
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/integer/bit_length.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_INTEGER_BIT_LENGTH_HPP
+#define SPROUT_INTEGER_BIT_LENGTH_HPP
+
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR std::size_t bit_len_8_table[std::size_t(UCHAR_MAX) + 1] = {
+			0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
+			5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5,
+			6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
+			6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6,
+			7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
+			7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
+			7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
+			7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7,
+			8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+			8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+			8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+			8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+			8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+			8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+			8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,
+			8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8
+		};
+		template<std::size_t Size> 
+		struct bit_len {
+		private:
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR std::size_t next_size = Size - 1;
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR std::size_t shift_bits = next_size * CHAR_BIT;
+		private:
+			template <typename IntType>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType impl(IntType x, unsigned char i) const {
+				return bit_len_8_table[i]
+					? bit_len_8_table[i] + next_size * CHAR_BIT
+					: sprout::detail::bit_len<next_size>().template operator()(x)
+					;
+			}
+		public:
+			template <typename IntType>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType operator()(IntType x) const {
+				return impl(x, static_cast<unsigned char>((x >> shift_bits) & UCHAR_MAX));
+			}
+		};
+		template<>
+		struct bit_len<1> {
+		public:
+			template<typename IntType>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType operator()(IntType x) const {
+				return bit_len_8_table[static_cast<unsigned char>(x & UCHAR_MAX)];
+			}
+		};
+	}	// namespace detail
+	//
+	// bit_length
+	//
+	template<typename IntType>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<IntType>::value,
+		IntType
+	>::type bit_length(IntType x) {
+		return sprout::detail::bit_len<sizeof(IntType)>().template operator()(x);
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_INTEGER_BIT_LENGTH_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/integer/bit_reverse.hpp b/sprout/integer/bit_reverse.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2367cbe3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/integer/bit_reverse.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_INTEGER_BIT_REVERSE_HPP
+#define SPROUT_INTEGER_BIT_REVERSE_HPP
+
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR unsigned char bit_rev_8_table[std::size_t(UCHAR_MAX) + 1] = {
+			0, 128, 64, 192, 32, 160, 96, 224, 16, 144, 80, 208, 48, 176, 112, 240, 8, 136, 72, 200,
+			40, 168, 104, 232, 24, 152, 88, 216, 56, 184, 120, 248, 4, 132, 68, 196, 36, 164, 100, 228,
+			20, 148, 84, 212, 52, 180, 116, 244, 12, 140, 76, 204, 44, 172, 108, 236, 28, 156, 92, 220,
+			60, 188, 124, 252, 2, 130, 66, 194, 34, 162, 98, 226, 18, 146, 82, 210, 50, 178, 114, 242,
+			10, 138, 74, 202, 42, 170, 106, 234, 26, 154, 90, 218, 58, 186, 122, 250, 6, 134, 70, 198,
+			38, 166, 102, 230, 22, 150, 86, 214, 54, 182, 118, 246, 14, 142, 78, 206, 46, 174, 110, 238,
+			30, 158, 94, 222, 62, 190, 126, 254, 1, 129, 65, 193, 33, 161, 97, 225, 17, 145, 81, 209,
+			49, 177, 113, 241, 9, 137, 73, 201, 41, 169, 105, 233, 25, 153, 89, 217, 57, 185, 121, 249,
+			5, 133, 69, 197, 37, 165, 101, 229, 21, 149, 85, 213, 53, 181, 117, 245, 13, 141, 77, 205,
+			45, 173, 109, 237, 29, 157, 93, 221, 61, 189, 125, 253, 3, 131, 67, 195, 35, 163, 99, 227,
+			19, 147, 83, 211, 51, 179, 115, 243, 11, 139, 75, 203, 43, 171, 107, 235, 27, 155, 91, 219,
+			59, 187, 123, 251, 7, 135, 71, 199, 39, 167, 103, 231, 23, 151, 87, 215, 55, 183, 119, 247,
+			15, 143, 79, 207, 47, 175, 111, 239, 31, 159, 95, 223, 63, 191, 127, 255
+		};
+		template<std::size_t Size> 
+		struct bit_rev {
+		private:
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR std::size_t next_size = Size / 2;
+			SPROUT_STATIC_CONSTEXPR std::size_t shift_bits = next_size * CHAR_BIT;
+		public:
+			template <typename IntType>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType operator()(IntType x) const {
+				return (sprout::detail::bit_rev<next_size>().template operator()(x) << shift_bits)
+					| (sprout::detail::bit_rev<next_size>().template operator()(x >> shift_bits))
+					;
+			}
+		};
+		template<>
+		struct bit_rev<1> {
+		public:
+			template<typename IntType>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR IntType operator()(IntType x) const {
+				return sprout::detail::bit_rev_8_table[static_cast<unsigned char>(x & UCHAR_MAX)];
+			}
+		};
+	}	// namespace detail
+	//
+	// bit_reverse
+	//
+	template<typename IntType>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<IntType>::value,
+		IntType
+	>::type bit_reverse(IntType x) {
+		typedef typename std::make_unsigned<IntType>::type unsigned_type;
+		return static_cast<IntType>(
+			sprout::detail::bit_rev<sizeof(IntType)>().template operator()<unsigned_type>(x)
+			);
+	}
+	//
+	// bit_reverse_in
+	//
+	template <typename IntType>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::enable_if<
+		std::is_integral<IntType>::value,
+		IntType
+	>::type bit_reverse_in(IntType x, std::size_t length) {
+		typedef typename std::make_unsigned<IntType>::type unsigned_type;
+		return length <= sizeof(IntType) * CHAR_BIT
+			? static_cast<IntType>(
+				sprout::detail::bit_rev<sizeof(IntType)>().template operator()<unsigned_type>(x)
+					>> (sizeof(IntType) * CHAR_BIT - length)
+				)
+			: throw std::invalid_argument("invalid length")
+			;
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_INTEGER_BIT_REVERSE_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/bytes_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/bytes_iterator.hpp
index e091368e..6167d8ef 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/bytes_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/bytes_iterator.hpp
@@ -99,16 +99,16 @@ namespace sprout {
 		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator!=(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return !(lhs == rhs);
 		}
-		friend bool operator<(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return lhs.it_ < rhs.it_ || lhs.it_ == rhs.it_ && lhs.i_ < rhs.i_;
 		}
-		friend bool operator>(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator>(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return rhs < lhs;
 		}
-		friend bool operator<=(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<=(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return !(rhs < lhs);
 		}
-		friend bool operator>=(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator>=(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return !(lhs < rhs);
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
 			return *(*this + n);
 		}
-		friend difference_type operator-(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR difference_type operator-(bytes_iterator const& lhs, bytes_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return (lhs.it_ - rhs.it_) * traits_type::size() + (lhs.i_ - rhs.i_);
 		}
 		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bytes_iterator operator+(difference_type n, bytes_iterator const& it) {
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/index_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/index_iterator.hpp
index 919526ce..ca5b32f7 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/index_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/index_iterator.hpp
@@ -101,16 +101,16 @@ namespace sprout {
 		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator!=(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return !(lhs == rhs);
 		}
-		friend bool operator<(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return lhs.index_ < rhs.index_;
 		}
-		friend bool operator>(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator>(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return rhs < lhs;
 		}
-		friend bool operator<=(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<=(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return !(rhs < lhs);
 		}
-		friend bool operator>=(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator>=(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return !(lhs < rhs);
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
 			return holder_.get()[index_ + n];
 		}
-		friend difference_type operator-(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR difference_type operator-(index_iterator const& lhs, index_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return static_cast<difference_type>(lhs.index_) - static_cast<difference_type>(rhs.index_);
 		}
 		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR index_iterator operator+(difference_type n, index_iterator const& it) {
@@ -213,4 +213,22 @@ namespace sprout {
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
+
+
+#include <sprout/detail/iterator.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// distance
+	//
+	template<typename Container>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::iterator_traits<sprout::index_iterator<Container> >::difference_type distance(
+		sprout::index_iterator<Container> first,
+		sprout::index_iterator<Container> last
+		)
+	{
+		return last - first;
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_ITERATOR_INDEX_ITERATOR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp
index 5cf6a6c9..4a94bddf 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/reverse_iterator.hpp
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		return !(lhs == rhs);
 	}
 	template <typename Iterator1, typename Iterator2>
-	bool operator<(
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<(
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator1> const& lhs,
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator2> const& rhs
 		)
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		return lhs.base() < rhs.base();
 	}
 	template <typename Iterator1, typename Iterator2>
-	bool operator>(
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator>(
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator1> const& lhs,
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator2> const& rhs
 		)
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		return rhs < lhs;
 	}
 	template <typename Iterator1, typename Iterator2>
-	bool operator<=(
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<=(
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator1> const& lhs,
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator2> const& rhs
 		)
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		return !(rhs < lhs);
 	}
 	template <typename Iterator1, typename Iterator2>
-	bool operator>=(
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator>=(
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator1> const& lhs,
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator2> const& rhs
 		)
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		return !(lhs < rhs);
 	}
 	template <typename Iterator1, typename Iterator2>
-	auto operator-(
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR auto operator-(
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator1> const& lhs,
 		sprout::reverse_iterator<Iterator2> const& rhs
 		) -> decltype(lhs.current - rhs.current)
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/value_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/value_iterator.hpp
index 4ca1c194..9ea787b8 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/value_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/value_iterator.hpp
@@ -84,16 +84,16 @@ namespace sprout {
 		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator!=(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return !(lhs == rhs);
 		}
-		friend bool operator<(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return lhs.count_ > rhs.count_;
 		}
-		friend bool operator>(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator>(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return rhs < lhs;
 		}
-		friend bool operator<=(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator<=(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return !(rhs < lhs);
 		}
-		friend bool operator>=(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR bool operator>=(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return !(lhs < rhs);
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
 			return holder_.get();
 		}
-		friend difference_type operator-(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
+		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR difference_type operator-(value_iterator const& lhs, value_iterator const& rhs) {
 			return rhs.count_ - lhs.count_;
 		}
 		friend SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_iterator operator+(difference_type n, value_iterator const& it) {
@@ -202,4 +202,22 @@ namespace sprout {
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout
 
+
+
+#include <sprout/detail/iterator.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	//
+	// distance
+	//
+	template<typename T>
+	SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename std::iterator_traits<sprout::value_iterator<T> >::difference_type distance(
+		sprout::value_iterator<T> first,
+		sprout::value_iterator<T> last
+		)
+	{
+		return last - first;
+	}
+}	// namespace sprout
+
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_ITERATOR_VALUE_ITERATOR_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/numeric/fixed/adjacent_difference.hpp b/sprout/numeric/fixed/adjacent_difference.hpp
index 84cdb64b..bc5b9fcc 100644
--- a/sprout/numeric/fixed/adjacent_difference.hpp
+++ b/sprout/numeric/fixed/adjacent_difference.hpp
@@ -11,61 +11,6 @@
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace fixed {
 		namespace detail {
-			template<typename Result, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type adjacent_difference_impl_3(
-				Result const& result,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result), args...);
-			}
-			template<typename Result, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type adjacent_difference_impl_3(
-				Result const& result,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return adjacent_difference_impl_3(result, args..., *sprout::next(sprout::fixed_begin(result), sizeof...(Args)));
-			}
-			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type adjacent_difference_impl_2(
-				InputIterator first,
-				InputIterator last,
-				Result const& result,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result), args...);
-			}
-			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type adjacent_difference_impl_2(
-				InputIterator first,
-				InputIterator last,
-				Result const& result,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return first != last && sizeof...(Args) < static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)
-					? adjacent_difference_impl_2(sprout::next(first), last, result, *first, offset, args..., *first - value)
-					: adjacent_difference_impl_3(result, args...)
-					;
-			}
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename... Args>
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
 				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
@@ -74,7 +19,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 				InputIterator first,
 				InputIterator last,
 				Result const& result,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
 				Args const&... args
 				)
 			{
@@ -88,25 +34,44 @@ namespace sprout {
 				InputIterator first,
 				InputIterator last,
 				Result const& result,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
 				Args const&... args
 				)
 			{
-				return sizeof...(Args) < static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)
-					? adjacent_difference_impl_1(first, last, result, offset, args..., *sprout::next(sprout::fixed_begin(result), sizeof...(Args)))
-					: first != last
-						? adjacent_difference_impl_2(sprout::next(first), last, result, *first, offset + sprout::size(result), args..., *first)
-						: adjacent_difference_impl_3(result, args...)
+				return first != last && sizeof...(Args) < size
+					? adjacent_difference_impl_1(sprout::next(first), last, result, size, *first, args..., *first - value)
+					: sprout::detail::container_complate(result, args...)
 					;
 			}
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type adjacent_difference_impl(
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == 0,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type adjacent_difference_impl(
 				InputIterator first,
 				InputIterator last,
-				Result const& result
+				Result const& result,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size
 				)
 			{
-				return adjacent_difference_impl_1(first, last, result, sprout::fixed_begin_offset(result));
+				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result));
+			}
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != 0,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type adjacent_difference_impl_1(
+				InputIterator first,
+				InputIterator last,
+				Result const& result,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size
+				)
+			{
+				return first != last
+					? adjacent_difference_impl_1(sprout::next(first), last, result, size, *first, *first)
+					: sprout::detail::container_complate(result)
+					;
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
@@ -119,67 +84,10 @@ namespace sprout {
 			Result const& result
 			)
 		{
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::adjacent_difference_impl(first, last, result);
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::adjacent_difference_impl(first, last, result, sprout::size(result));
 		}
 
 		namespace detail {
-			template<typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type adjacent_difference_impl_3(
-				Result const& result,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result), args...);
-			}
-			template<typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type adjacent_difference_impl_3(
-				Result const& result,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return adjacent_difference_impl_3(result, args..., *sprout::next(sprout::fixed_begin(result), sizeof...(Args)));
-			}
-			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type adjacent_difference_impl_2(
-				InputIterator first,
-				InputIterator last,
-				Result const& result,
-				BinaryOperation binary_op,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result), args...);
-			}
-			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type adjacent_difference_impl_2(
-				InputIterator first,
-				InputIterator last,
-				Result const& result,
-				BinaryOperation binary_op,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return first != last && sizeof...(Args) < static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)
-					? adjacent_difference_impl_2(sprout::next(first), last, result, binary_op, *first, offset, args..., binary_op(*first, value))
-					: adjacent_difference_impl_3(result, args...)
-					;
-			}
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
 				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
@@ -189,7 +97,8 @@ namespace sprout {
 				InputIterator last,
 				Result const& result,
 				BinaryOperation binary_op,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
 				Args const&... args
 				)
 			{
@@ -204,26 +113,46 @@ namespace sprout {
 				InputIterator last,
 				Result const& result,
 				BinaryOperation binary_op,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
 				Args const&... args
 				)
 			{
-				return sizeof...(Args) < static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)
-					? adjacent_difference_impl_1(first, last, result, binary_op, offset, args..., *sprout::next(sprout::fixed_begin(result), sizeof...(Args)))
-					: first != last
-						? adjacent_difference_impl_2(sprout::next(first), last, result, binary_op, *first, offset + sprout::size(result), args..., *first)
-						: adjacent_difference_impl_3(result, args...)
+				return first != last && sizeof...(Args) < size
+					? adjacent_difference_impl_1(sprout::next(first), last, result, binary_op, size, *first, args..., binary_op(*first, value))
+					: sprout::detail::container_complate(result, args...)
 					;
 			}
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type adjacent_difference_impl(
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == 0,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type adjacent_difference_impl(
 				InputIterator first,
 				InputIterator last,
 				Result const& result,
-				BinaryOperation binary_op
+				BinaryOperation binary_op,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size
 				)
 			{
-				return adjacent_difference_impl_1(first, last, result, binary_op, sprout::fixed_begin_offset(result));
+				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result));
+			}
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != 0,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type adjacent_difference_impl_1(
+				InputIterator first,
+				InputIterator last,
+				Result const& result,
+				BinaryOperation binary_op,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size
+				)
+			{
+				return first != last
+					? adjacent_difference_impl_1(sprout::next(first), last, result, binary_op, size, *first, *first)
+					: sprout::detail::container_complate(result)
+					;
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
@@ -237,7 +166,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			BinaryOperation binary_op
 			)
 		{
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::adjacent_difference_impl(first, last, result, binary_op);
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::adjacent_difference_impl(first, last, result, binary_op, sprout::size(result));
 		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
diff --git a/sprout/numeric/fixed/partial_sum.hpp b/sprout/numeric/fixed/partial_sum.hpp
index 0005e127..306889b7 100644
--- a/sprout/numeric/fixed/partial_sum.hpp
+++ b/sprout/numeric/fixed/partial_sum.hpp
@@ -11,70 +11,16 @@
 namespace sprout {
 	namespace fixed {
 		namespace detail {
-			template<typename Result, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type partial_sum_impl_3(
-				Result const& result,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result), args...);
-			}
-			template<typename Result, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type partial_sum_impl_3(
-				Result const& result,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return partial_sum_impl_3(result, args..., *sprout::next(sprout::fixed_begin(result), sizeof...(Args)));
-			}
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename... Args>
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type partial_sum_impl_2(
-				InputIterator first,
-				InputIterator last,
-				Result const& result,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result), args...);
-			}
-			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type partial_sum_impl_2(
-				InputIterator first,
-				InputIterator last,
-				Result const& result,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return first != last && sizeof...(Args) < static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)
-					? partial_sum_impl_2(sprout::next(first), last, result, value + *first, offset, args..., value)
-					: partial_sum_impl_3(result, args..., value)
-					;
-			}
-			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args) + 1,
 				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
 			>::type partial_sum_impl_1(
 				InputIterator first,
 				InputIterator last,
 				Result const& result,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
 				Args const&... args
 				)
 			{
@@ -82,31 +28,50 @@ namespace sprout {
 			}
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename... Args>
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args),
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args) + 1,
 				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
 			>::type partial_sum_impl_1(
 				InputIterator first,
 				InputIterator last,
 				Result const& result,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
 				Args const&... args
 				)
 			{
-				return sizeof...(Args) < static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)
-					? partial_sum_impl_1(first, last, result, offset, args..., *sprout::next(sprout::fixed_begin(result), sizeof...(Args)))
-					: first != last
-						? partial_sum_impl_2(sprout::next(first), last, result, *first, offset + sprout::size(result), args...)
-						: partial_sum_impl_3(result, args...)
+				return first != last && sizeof...(Args) + 1 < size
+					? partial_sum_impl_1(sprout::next(first), last, result, size, value + *first, args..., value)
+					: sprout::detail::container_complate(result, args..., value)
 					;
 			}
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type partial_sum_impl(
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == 0,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type partial_sum_impl(
 				InputIterator first,
 				InputIterator last,
-				Result const& result
+				Result const& result,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size
 				)
 			{
-				return partial_sum_impl_1(first, last, result, sprout::fixed_begin_offset(result));
+				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result));
+			}
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != 0,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type partial_sum_impl_1(
+				InputIterator first,
+				InputIterator last,
+				Result const& result,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size
+				)
+			{
+				return first != last
+					? partial_sum_impl_1(sprout::next(first), last, result, size, *first)
+					: sprout::detail::container_complate(result)
+					;
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
@@ -119,77 +84,21 @@ namespace sprout {
 			Result const& result
 			)
 		{
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::partial_sum_impl(first, last, result);
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::partial_sum_impl(first, last, result, sprout::size(result));
 		}
 
 		namespace detail {
-			template<typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type partial_sum_impl_3(
-				Result const& result,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result), args...);
-			}
-			template<typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type partial_sum_impl_3(
-				Result const& result,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return partial_sum_impl_3(result, args..., *sprout::next(sprout::fixed_begin(result), sizeof...(Args)));
-			}
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type partial_sum_impl_2(
-				InputIterator first,
-				InputIterator last,
-				Result const& result,
-				BinaryOperation binary_op,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result), args...);
-			}
-			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args),
-				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
-			>::type partial_sum_impl_2(
-				InputIterator first,
-				InputIterator last,
-				Result const& result,
-				BinaryOperation binary_op,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
-				Args const&... args
-				)
-			{
-				return first != last && sizeof...(Args) < static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)
-					? partial_sum_impl_2(sprout::next(first), last, result, binary_op, binary_op(value, *first), offset, args..., value)
-					: partial_sum_impl_3(result, args..., value)
-					;
-			}
-			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args),
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == sizeof...(Args) + 1,
 				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
 			>::type partial_sum_impl_1(
 				InputIterator first,
 				InputIterator last,
 				Result const& result,
 				BinaryOperation binary_op,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
 				Args const&... args
 				)
 			{
@@ -197,33 +106,53 @@ namespace sprout {
 			}
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation, typename... Args>
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
-				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args),
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != sizeof...(Args) + 1,
 				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
 			>::type partial_sum_impl_1(
 				InputIterator first,
 				InputIterator last,
 				Result const& result,
 				BinaryOperation binary_op,
-				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::difference_type offset,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::value_type const& value,
 				Args const&... args
 				)
 			{
-				return sizeof...(Args) < static_cast<std::size_t>(offset)
-					? partial_sum_impl_1(first, last, result, binary_op, offset, args..., *sprout::next(sprout::fixed_begin(result), sizeof...(Args)))
-					: first != last
-						? partial_sum_impl_2(sprout::next(first), last, result, binary_op, *first, offset + sprout::size(result), args...)
-						: partial_sum_impl_3(result, args...)
+				return first != last && sizeof...(Args) + 1 < size
+					? partial_sum_impl_1(sprout::next(first), last, result, size, binary_op(value, *first), args..., value)
+					: sprout::detail::container_complate(result, args..., value)
 					;
 			}
 			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation>
-			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type partial_sum_impl(
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size == 0,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type partial_sum_impl(
 				InputIterator first,
 				InputIterator last,
 				Result const& result,
-				BinaryOperation binary_op
+				BinaryOperation binary_op,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size
 				)
 			{
-				return partial_sum_impl_1(first, last, result, binary_op, sprout::fixed_begin_offset(result));
+				return sprout::remake_clone<Result>(result, sprout::size(result));
+			}
+			template<typename InputIterator, typename Result, typename BinaryOperation>
+			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR inline typename std::enable_if<
+				sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::fixed_size != 0,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<Result>::type
+			>::type partial_sum_impl_1(
+				InputIterator first,
+				InputIterator last,
+				Result const& result,
+				BinaryOperation binary_op,
+				typename sprout::fixed_container_traits<Result>::size_type size
+				)
+			{
+				return first != last
+					? partial_sum_impl_1(sprout::next(first), last, result, binary_op, size, *first)
+					: sprout::detail::container_complate(result)
+					;
 			}
 		}	// namespace detail
 		//
@@ -237,7 +166,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			BinaryOperation binary_op
 			)
 		{
-			return sprout::fixed::detail::partial_sum_impl(first, last, result, binary_op);
+			return sprout::fixed::detail::partial_sum_impl(first, last, result, binary_op, sprout::size(result));
 		}
 	}	// namespace fixed
 
diff --git a/testspr/print.hpp b/testspr/print.hpp
index 998f3f3a..6a7cfae3 100644
--- a/testspr/print.hpp
+++ b/testspr/print.hpp
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <bitset>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <sprout/fixed_container.hpp>
 
@@ -17,14 +18,30 @@ namespace testspr {
 	}
 	template<typename Range>
 	void print(Range const& range) {
-		print(sprout::begin(range), sprout::end(range));
+		testspr::print(sprout::begin(range), sprout::end(range));
+	}
+
+	//
+	// print_ln
+	//
+	template<typename T>
+	static void print_ln(T const& t) {
+		std::cout << t << std::endl;
+	}
+
+	//
+	// print_bits
+	//
+	template<typename T>
+	static void print_bits(T const& t) {
+		testspr::print_ln(std::bitset<sizeof(T) * 8>(t).template to_string<char>());
 	}
 
 	//
 	// print_hl
 	//
 	void print_hl() {
-		std::cout << "--------------------------------------------------------------------------------" << std::endl;
+		testspr::print_ln("--------------------------------------------------------------------------------");
 	}
 }	// namespace testspr