diff --git a/sprout/compost/utility.hpp b/sprout/compost/utility.hpp
index d9b1318f..e24800c9 100644
--- a/sprout/compost/utility.hpp
+++ b/sprout/compost/utility.hpp
@@ -3,5 +3,7 @@
 
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/compost/utility/equal_temperament.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/utility/rosenberg.hpp>
+#include <sprout/compost/utility/iir_filter.hpp>
 
 #endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_UTILITY_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/utility/iir_filter.hpp b/sprout/compost/utility/iir_filter.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4a860c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/utility/iir_filter.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,562 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_UTILITY_IIR_FILTER_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_UTILITY_IIR_FILTER_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/container/functions.hpp>
+#include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/result_of.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/float_promote.hpp>
+#include <sprout/utility/pair.hpp>
+#include <sprout/math/tan.hpp>
+#include <sprout/math/sqrt.hpp>
+#include <sprout/math/constants.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename T>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::float_promote<T>::type
+			iir_fc(T const& fc) {
+				typedef typename sprout::float_promote<T>::type type;
+				using sprout::tan;
+				return tan(sprout::math::pi<type>() * fc) / (2 * sprout::math::pi<type>());
+			}
+			template<typename T>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::float_promote<T>::type
+			iir_g(T const& g) {
+				typedef typename sprout::float_promote<T>::type type;
+				return g + 1;
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_lpf_impl_2(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2, T const& y) {
+				return Result(
+					sprout::remake<A>(
+						a, 3,
+						T(1),
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 - x / q + x2) / y
+						),
+					sprout::remake<B>(
+						b, 3,
+						x2 / y,
+						2 * x2 / y,
+						x2 / y
+						)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_lpf_impl_1(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_lpf_impl_2<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					x, x * x, 1 + x / q + x * x
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_lpf_impl(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_lpf_impl_1<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					2 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * fc
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// iir_lpf
+		//
+		template<typename T, typename A, typename B>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::pair<
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+		>
+		iir_lpf(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b) {
+			typedef sprout::pair<
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+			> result_type;
+			return sprout::compost::detail::iir_lpf_impl<result_type>(sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc), q, a, b);
+		}
+
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_hpf_impl_2(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2, T const& y) {
+				return Result(
+					sprout::remake<A>(
+						a, 3,
+						T(1),
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 - x / q + x2) / y
+						),
+					sprout::remake<B>(
+						b, 3,
+						1 / y,
+						-2 / y,
+						1 / y
+						)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_hpf_impl_1(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_hpf_impl_2<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					x, x * x, 1 + x / q + x * x
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_hpf_impl(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_hpf_impl_1<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					2 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * fc
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// iir_hpf
+		//
+		template<typename T, typename A, typename B>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::pair<
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+		>
+		iir_hpf(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b) {
+			typedef sprout::pair<
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+			> result_type;
+			return sprout::compost::detail::iir_hpf_impl<result_type>(sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc), q, a, b);
+		}
+
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_bpf_impl_2(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2, T const& y) {
+				return Result(
+					sprout::remake<A>(
+						a, 3,
+						T(1),
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 - x + x2) / y
+						),
+					sprout::remake<B>(
+						b, 3,
+						x / y,
+						T(0),
+						-x / y
+						)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_bpf_impl_1(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_bpf_impl_2<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					x, x2, 1 + x + x2
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_bpf_impl(T const& fc1, T const& fc2, A const& a, B const& b) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_bpf_impl_1<Result>(
+					fc1, fc2, a, b,
+					2 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * (fc2 - fc1),
+					4 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * fc1 * fc2
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// iir_bpf
+		//
+		template<typename T, typename A, typename B>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::pair<
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+		>
+		iir_bpf(T const& fc1, T const& fc2, A const& a, B const& b) {
+			typedef sprout::pair<
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+			> result_type;
+			return sprout::compost::detail::iir_bpf_impl<result_type>(
+				sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc1), sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc2),
+				a, b
+				);
+		}
+
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_bef_impl_2(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2, T const& y) {
+				return Result(
+					sprout::remake<A>(
+						a, 3,
+						T(1),
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 - x + x2) / y
+						),
+					sprout::remake<B>(
+						b, 3,
+						(x2 + 1) / y,
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(x2 + 1) / y
+						)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_bef_impl_1(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_bef_impl_2<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					x, x2, 1 + x + x2
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_bef_impl(T const& fc1, T const& fc2, A const& a, B const& b) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_bef_impl_1<Result>(
+					fc1, fc2, a, b,
+					2 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * (fc2 - fc1),
+					4 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * fc1 * fc2
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// iir_bef
+		//
+		template<typename T, typename A, typename B>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::pair<
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+		>
+		iir_bef(T const& fc1, T const& fc2, A const& a, B const& b) {
+			typedef sprout::pair<
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+			> result_type;
+			return sprout::compost::detail::iir_bef_impl<result_type>(
+				sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc1), sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc2),
+				a, b
+				);
+		}
+
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_resonator_impl_2(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2, T const& y) {
+				return Result(
+					sprout::remake<A>(
+						a, 3,
+						T(1),
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 - x / q + x2) / y
+						),
+					sprout::remake<B>(
+						b, 3,
+						x / q / y,
+						T(0),
+						-x / q / y
+						)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_resonator_impl_1(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_resonator_impl_2<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					x, x * x, 1 + x / q + x * x
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_resonator_impl(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_resonator_impl_1<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					2 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * fc
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// iir_resonator
+		//
+		template<typename T, typename A, typename B>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::pair<
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+		>
+		iir_resonator(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b) {
+			typedef sprout::pair<
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+			> result_type;
+			return sprout::compost::detail::iir_resonator_impl<result_type>(sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc), q, a, b);
+		}
+
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_notch_impl_2(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2, T const& y) {
+				return Result(
+					sprout::remake<A>(
+						a, 3,
+						T(1),
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 - x / q + x2) / y
+						),
+					sprout::remake<B>(
+						b, 3,
+						(x2 + 1) / y,
+						(2 * x2 + 2) / y,
+						(x2 + 1) / y
+						)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_notch_impl_1(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_notch_impl_2<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					x, x * x, 1 + x / q + x * x
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_notch_impl(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_notch_impl_1<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					2 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * fc
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// iir_notch
+		//
+		template<typename T, typename A, typename B>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::pair<
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+		>
+		iir_notch(T const& fc, T const& q, A const& a, B const& b) {
+			typedef sprout::pair<
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+			> result_type;
+			return sprout::compost::detail::iir_notch_impl<result_type>(sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc), q, a, b);
+		}
+
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_low_shelving_impl_2(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2, T const& y, T const& g_) {
+				return Result(
+					sprout::remake<A>(
+						a, 3,
+						T(1),
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 - x / q + x2) / y
+						),
+					sprout::remake<B>(
+						b, 3,
+						(1 + g_ * x / q + g * x2) / y,
+						(2 * g * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 + g_ * x / q + g * x2) / y
+						)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_low_shelving_impl_1(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x) {
+				using sprout::sqrt;
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_low_shelving_impl_2<Result>(
+					fc, q, g, a, b,
+					x, x * x, 1 + x / q + x * x, sqrt(g)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_low_shelving_impl(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_low_shelving_impl_1<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					2 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * fc
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// iir_low_shelving
+		//
+		template<typename T, typename A, typename B>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::pair<
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+		>
+		iir_low_shelving(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b) {
+			typedef sprout::pair<
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+			> result_type;
+			return sprout::compost::detail::iir_low_shelving_impl<result_type>(
+				sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc), q, sprout::compost::detail::iir_g(g),
+				a, b
+				);
+		}
+
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_high_shelving_impl_2(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2, T const& y, T const& g_) {
+				return Result(
+					sprout::remake<A>(
+						a, 3,
+						T(1),
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 - x / q + x2) / y
+						),
+					sprout::remake<B>(
+						b, 3,
+						(g + g_ * x / q + x2) / y,
+						(2 * x2 - 2 * g) / y,
+						(g + g_ * x / q + x2) / y
+						)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_high_shelving_impl_1(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x) {
+				using sprout::sqrt;
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_high_shelving_impl_2<Result>(
+					fc, q, g, a, b,
+					x, x * x, 1 + x / q + x * x, sqrt(g)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_high_shelving_impl(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_high_shelving_impl_1<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					2 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * fc
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// iir_high_shelving
+		//
+		template<typename T, typename A, typename B>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::pair<
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+		>
+		iir_high_shelving(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b) {
+			typedef sprout::pair<
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+			> result_type;
+			return sprout::compost::detail::iir_high_shelving_impl<result_type>(
+				sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc), q, sprout::compost::detail::iir_g(g),
+				a, b
+				);
+		}
+
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_peaking_impl_2(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x, T const& x2, T const& y) {
+				return Result(
+					sprout::remake<A>(
+						a, 3,
+						T(1),
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 - x / q + x2) / y
+						),
+					sprout::remake<B>(
+						b, 3,
+						(1 + x / q + g + x2) / y,
+						(2 * x2 - 2) / y,
+						(1 + x / q + g + x2) / y
+						)
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_peaking_impl_1(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b, T const& x) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_peaking_impl_2<Result>(
+					fc, q, g, a, b,
+					x, x * x, 1 + x / q + x * x
+					);
+			}
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename A, typename B>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			iir_peaking_impl(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b) {
+				return sprout::compost::detail::iir_peaking_impl_1<Result>(
+					fc, q, a, b,
+					2 * sprout::math::pi<T>() * fc
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// iir_peaking
+		//
+		template<typename T, typename A, typename B>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::pair<
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+			typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+		>
+		iir_peaking(T const& fc, T const& q, T const& g, A const& a, B const& b) {
+			typedef sprout::pair<
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<A>::type,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<B>::type
+			> result_type;
+			return sprout::compost::detail::iir_peaking_impl<result_type>(
+				sprout::compost::detail::iir_fc(fc), q, sprout::compost::detail::iir_g(g),
+				a, b
+				);
+		}
+
+		namespace detail {
+			template<typename Result, typename T, typename DelayA, typename DelayB>
+			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR Result
+			apply_iir_impl(T const& base, DelayA const& da, DelayB const& db, T const& sample) {
+				return Result(
+					sample,
+					typename Result::second_type(
+						sprout::remake<DelayA>(da, 2, sprout::tuples::get<1>(da), sample),
+						sprout::remake<DelayB>(db, 2, sprout::tuples::get<1>(db), base)
+						)
+					);
+			}
+		}	// namespace detail
+		//
+		// apply_iir
+		//
+		template<typename T, typename A, typename B, typename DelayA, typename DelayB>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::pair<
+			T,
+			sprout::pair<
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<DelayA>::type,
+				typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<DelayB>::type
+			>
+		>
+		apply_iir(T const& base, A const& a, B const& b, DelayA const& da, DelayB const& db) {
+			typedef sprout::pair<
+				T,
+				sprout::pair<
+					typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<DelayA>::type,
+					typename sprout::fixed::result_of::algorithm<DelayB>::type
+				>
+			> result_type;
+			return sprout::compost::detail::apply_iir_impl<result_type>(
+				base, da, db,
+				sprout::tuples::get<0>(b) * base
+					+ sprout::tuples::get<1>(b) * sprout::tuples::get<0>(db)
+					+ sprout::tuples::get<2>(b) * sprout::tuples::get<1>(db)
+					- sprout::tuples::get<1>(a) * sprout::tuples::get<0>(da)
+					- sprout::tuples::get<2>(a) * sprout::tuples::get<1>(da)
+				);
+		}
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_UTILITY_IIR_FILTER_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/compost/utility/rosenberg.hpp b/sprout/compost/utility/rosenberg.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d584b737
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/compost/utility/rosenberg.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_UTILITY_ROSENBERG_HPP
+#define SPROUT_COMPOST_UTILITY_ROSENBERG_HPP
+
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/detail/pow.hpp>
+#include <sprout/type_traits/float_promote.hpp>
+#include <sprout/math/comparison.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace compost {
+		//
+		// rosenberg_value
+		//	Rosenberg 波は，声門開大期と閉小期が周期の40%，16%となる非対称形の波形であり，τ1 が開大期，τ2が閉小期を示す．
+		//
+		template<typename T>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR typename sprout::float_promote<T>::type
+		rosenberg_value(T x, T tau1, T tau2) {
+			typedef typename sprout::float_promote<T>::type type;
+			return x >= 0 && sprout::math::less_equal(x, tau1)
+					? 3 * sprout::detail::pow2<type>(x / tau1) - 2 * sprout::detail::pow3<type>(x / tau1)
+				: sprout::math::greater(x, tau1) && sprout::math::less_equal(x, tau1 + tau2)
+					? 1 - sprout::detail::pow2<type>((x - tau1) / tau2)
+				: 0
+				;
+		}
+	}	// namespace compost
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_COMPOST_UTILITY_ROSENBERG_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/detail/pow.hpp b/sprout/detail/pow.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6afd2be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sprout/detail/pow.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+#ifndef SPROUT_DETAIL_POW_HPP
+#define SPROUT_DETAIL_POW_HPP
+#include <sprout/config.hpp>
+
+namespace sprout {
+	namespace detail {
+		template<typename T>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T
+		pow2(T const& x) {
+			return x * x;
+		}
+		template<typename T>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T
+		pow3(T const& x) {
+			return x * x * x;
+		}
+		template<typename T>
+		inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T
+		pow_n(T const& x, int n) {
+			return n == 1 ? x
+				: n % 2 ? x * sprout::detail::pow2(sprout::detail::pow_n(x, n / 2))
+				: sprout::detail::pow2(sprout::detail::pow_n(x, n / 2))
+				;
+		}
+	}	// namespace detail
+}	// namespace sprout
+
+#endif	// #ifndef SPROUT_DETAIL_POW_HPP
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/sawtooth_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/sawtooth_iterator.hpp
index 68f622ee..dc8b98e7 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/sawtooth_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/sawtooth_iterator.hpp
@@ -89,7 +89,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return phase_;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
-			return amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::sawtooth_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_) + phase_);
+			return amplitude_ == 0 ? 0
+				: amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::sawtooth_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_) + phase_)
+				;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR pointer operator->() const {
 			return &operator*()();
@@ -129,7 +131,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return *this;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
-			return amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::sawtooth_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_ + n) + phase_);
+			return amplitude_ == 0 ? 0
+				: amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::sawtooth_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_ + n) + phase_)
+				;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sawtooth_iterator next() const {
 			return sawtooth_iterator(*this, index_ + 1);
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/sinusoid_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/sinusoid_iterator.hpp
index 09379d69..a6d618dc 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/sinusoid_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/sinusoid_iterator.hpp
@@ -96,7 +96,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
 			using sprout::sin;
-			return amplitude_ * sin(d_ * value_type(index_) + phase_);
+			return amplitude_ == 0 ? 0
+				: amplitude_ * sin(d_ * value_type(index_) + phase_)
+				;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR pointer operator->() const {
 			return &operator*()();
@@ -137,7 +139,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
 			using sprout::sin;
-			return amplitude_ * sin(d_ * value_type(index_ + n) + phase_);
+			return amplitude_ == 0 ? 0
+				: amplitude_ * sin(d_ * value_type(index_ + n) + phase_)
+				;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sinusoid_iterator next() const {
 			return sinusoid_iterator(*this, index_ + 1);
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/square_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/square_iterator.hpp
index 7cd34917..f6bc0ad4 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/square_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/square_iterator.hpp
@@ -98,7 +98,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return duty_;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
-			return amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::square_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_) + phase_, duty_);
+			return amplitude_ == 0 ? 0
+				: amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::square_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_) + phase_, duty_)
+				;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR pointer operator->() const {
 			return &operator*()();
@@ -138,7 +140,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return *this;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
-			return amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::square_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_ + n) + phase_, duty_);
+			return amplitude_ == 0 ? 0
+				: amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::square_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_ + n) + phase_, duty_)
+				;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR square_iterator next() const {
 			return square_iterator(*this, index_ + 1);
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/triangle_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/triangle_iterator.hpp
index 3fec7361..fa4a2019 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/triangle_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/triangle_iterator.hpp
@@ -89,7 +89,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return phase_;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator*() const {
-			return amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::triangle_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_) + phase_);
+			return amplitude_ == 0 ? 0
+				: amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::triangle_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_) + phase_)
+				;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR pointer operator->() const {
 			return &operator*()();
@@ -129,7 +131,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 			return *this;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR reference operator[](difference_type n) const {
-			return amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::triangle_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_ + n) + phase_);
+			return amplitude_ == 0 ? 0
+				: amplitude_ * sprout::fixed::detail::triangle_value(frequency_ * value_type(index_ + n) + phase_)
+				;
 		}
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR triangle_iterator next() const {
 			return triangle_iterator(*this, index_ + 1);
diff --git a/sprout/iterator/valued_iterator.hpp b/sprout/iterator/valued_iterator.hpp
index 7b59ff54..9b378bb5 100644
--- a/sprout/iterator/valued_iterator.hpp
+++ b/sprout/iterator/valued_iterator.hpp
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 		return !(lhs < rhs);
 	}
 	template<typename Iterator1, typename T1, typename Iterator2, typename T2>
-	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<Iterator1, T1>() - std::declval<Iterator2, T2>())
+	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<Iterator1>() - std::declval<Iterator2>())
 	operator-(sprout::valued_iterator<Iterator1, T1> const& lhs, sprout::valued_iterator<Iterator2, T2> const& rhs) {
 		return lhs.base() - rhs.base();
 	}
diff --git a/sprout/math/cos.hpp b/sprout/math/cos.hpp
index 9d3c82bd..c3707a8e 100644
--- a/sprout/math/cos.hpp
+++ b/sprout/math/cos.hpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include <limits>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
+#include <sprout/detail/pow.hpp>
 #include <sprout/math/detail/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/math/factorial.hpp>
 #include <sprout/math/constants.hpp>
@@ -16,28 +17,23 @@ namespace sprout {
 		namespace detail {
 			template<typename T>
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR T
-			cos_impl_1(T x, T tmp, std::size_t n, T x2n) {
-				return 2 * n > sprout::math::factorial_limit<T>() ? tmp
-					: sprout::math::detail::cos_impl_1(
-						x,
-						tmp + (n % 2 ? -1 : 1) * x2n / sprout::math::factorial<T>(2 * n),
-						n + 1,
-						x2n * x * x
-						)
+			cos_impl_1(T x2, std::size_t first, std::size_t last) {
+				return last - first == 1
+					? (first % 2 ? -1 : 1) * sprout::detail::pow_n(x2, first) / sprout::math::factorial<T>(2 * first)
+					: sprout::math::detail::cos_impl_1(x2, first, first + (last - first) / 2)
+						+ sprout::math::detail::cos_impl_1(x2, first + (last - first) / 2, last)
 					;
 			}
-
 			template<typename FloatType>
 			inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR FloatType
 			cos_impl(FloatType x) {
 				typedef double type;
-				return static_cast<FloatType>(sprout::math::detail::cos_impl_1(
-					static_cast<type>(x),
-					type(1),
-					1,
-					static_cast<type>(x) * static_cast<type>(x)
-					))
-					;
+				return static_cast<FloatType>(
+					type(1) + sprout::math::detail::cos_impl_1(
+						static_cast<type>(x) * static_cast<type>(x),
+						1, sprout::math::factorial_limit<type>() / 2 + 1
+						)
+					);
 			}
 
 			template<
diff --git a/sprout/range/adaptor/sawtooth_wave.hpp b/sprout/range/adaptor/sawtooth_wave.hpp
index a69e25b9..bd73be9e 100644
--- a/sprout/range/adaptor/sawtooth_wave.hpp
+++ b/sprout/range/adaptor/sawtooth_wave.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_SAWTOOTH_WAVE_HPP
 #define SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_SAWTOOTH_WAVE_HPP
 
+#include <limits>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/pit.hpp>
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			> base_type;
 			typedef typename base_type::iterator iterator;
 			typedef typename base_type::value_type value_type;
+			typedef typename base_type::difference_type difference_type;
 		public:
 			sawtooth_wave_range() = default;
 			sawtooth_wave_range(sawtooth_wave_range const&) = default;
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 				: base_type(
 					iterator(0, frequency, amplitude, phase),
-					iterator(-1, frequency, amplitude, phase)
+					iterator(std::numeric_limits<difference_type>::max(), frequency, amplitude, phase)
 					)
 			{}
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type const& frequency() const {
diff --git a/sprout/range/adaptor/sinusoidal.hpp b/sprout/range/adaptor/sinusoidal.hpp
index 6553a55a..56942104 100644
--- a/sprout/range/adaptor/sinusoidal.hpp
+++ b/sprout/range/adaptor/sinusoidal.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_SINUSOIDAL_HPP
 #define SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_SINUSOIDAL_HPP
 
+#include <limits>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/pit.hpp>
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			> base_type;
 			typedef typename base_type::iterator iterator;
 			typedef typename base_type::value_type value_type;
+			typedef typename base_type::difference_type difference_type;
 		public:
 			sinusoidal_range() = default;
 			sinusoidal_range(sinusoidal_range const&) = default;
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 				: base_type(
 					iterator(0, frequency, amplitude, phase),
-					iterator(-1, frequency, amplitude, phase)
+					iterator(std::numeric_limits<difference_type>::max(), frequency, amplitude, phase)
 					)
 			{}
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type frequency() const {
diff --git a/sprout/range/adaptor/square_wave.hpp b/sprout/range/adaptor/square_wave.hpp
index 0bdc7f51..10bae837 100644
--- a/sprout/range/adaptor/square_wave.hpp
+++ b/sprout/range/adaptor/square_wave.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_SQUARE_WAVE_HPP
 #define SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_SQUARE_WAVE_HPP
 
+#include <limits>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/pit.hpp>
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			> base_type;
 			typedef typename base_type::iterator iterator;
 			typedef typename base_type::value_type value_type;
+			typedef typename base_type::difference_type difference_type;
 		public:
 			square_wave_range() = default;
 			square_wave_range(square_wave_range const&) = default;
@@ -86,7 +88,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 				: base_type(
 					iterator(0, frequency, amplitude, phase, duty),
-					iterator(-1, frequency, amplitude, phase, duty)
+					iterator(std::numeric_limits<difference_type>::max(), frequency, amplitude, phase, duty)
 					)
 			{}
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type frequency() const {
diff --git a/sprout/range/adaptor/triangle_wave.hpp b/sprout/range/adaptor/triangle_wave.hpp
index 00d83976..c76fb259 100644
--- a/sprout/range/adaptor/triangle_wave.hpp
+++ b/sprout/range/adaptor/triangle_wave.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_TRIANGLE_WAVE_HPP
 #define SPROUT_RANGE_ADAPTOR_TRIANGLE_WAVE_HPP
 
+#include <limits>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/pit.hpp>
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 			> base_type;
 			typedef typename base_type::iterator iterator;
 			typedef typename base_type::value_type value_type;
+			typedef typename base_type::difference_type difference_type;
 		public:
 			triangle_wave_range() = default;
 			triangle_wave_range(triangle_wave_range const&) = default;
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ namespace sprout {
 				)
 				: base_type(
 					iterator(0, frequency, amplitude, phase),
-					iterator(-1, frequency, amplitude, phase)
+					iterator(std::numeric_limits<difference_type>::max(), frequency, amplitude, phase)
 					)
 			{}
 			SPROUT_CONSTEXPR value_type frequency() const {