diff --git a/sprout/functional/address_of.hpp b/sprout/functional/address_of.hpp
index 98d655bf..80494728 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/address_of.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/address_of.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct address_of;
 	template<>
-	struct address_of<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct address_of<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(&std::declval<T>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/assign.hpp
index 1055bb3a..094b0028 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct assign;
 	template<>
-	struct assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() = std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/bit_and.hpp b/sprout/functional/bit_and.hpp
index a2867a89..1e77cb7a 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/bit_and.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/bit_and.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	// 20.8.7 bitwise operations
@@ -27,9 +28,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct bit_and<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct bit_and<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() & std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/bit_and_assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/bit_and_assign.hpp
index 7860b85b..b80472e4 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/bit_and_assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/bit_and_assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct bit_and_assign;
 	template<>
-	struct bit_and_assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct bit_and_assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() &= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/bit_not.hpp b/sprout/functional/bit_not.hpp
index dc85fa19..a4a3c8d6 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/bit_not.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/bit_not.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	// 20.8.7 bitwise operations
@@ -26,9 +27,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct bit_not<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct bit_not<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(~std::declval<T>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/bit_or.hpp b/sprout/functional/bit_or.hpp
index 2db6ad8e..a5adf071 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/bit_or.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/bit_or.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	// 20.8.7 bitwise operations
@@ -27,9 +28,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct bit_or<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct bit_or<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() | std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/bit_or_assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/bit_or_assign.hpp
index e8276d66..efd884a4 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/bit_or_assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/bit_or_assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct bit_or_assign;
 	template<>
-	struct bit_or_assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct bit_or_assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() |= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/bit_xor.hpp b/sprout/functional/bit_xor.hpp
index 11454065..4d74e34c 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/bit_xor.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/bit_xor.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	// 20.8.7 bitwise operations
@@ -27,9 +28,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct bit_xor<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct bit_xor<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() ^ std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/bit_xor_assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/bit_xor_assign.hpp
index edeb6968..763f95dd 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/bit_xor_assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/bit_xor_assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct bit_xor_assign;
 	template<>
-	struct bit_xor_assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct bit_xor_assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() ^= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/call_fun.hpp b/sprout/functional/call_fun.hpp
index 37f5c26c..6974fb1f 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/call_fun.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/call_fun.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct call_fun;
 	template<>
-	struct call_fun<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct call_fun<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename F, typename... As>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<F>()(std::declval<As>()...))
diff --git a/sprout/functional/comma.hpp b/sprout/functional/comma.hpp
index 9ead2665..4f2b6ba4 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/comma.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/comma.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct comma;
 	template<>
-	struct comma<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct comma<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>(), std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/cond.hpp b/sprout/functional/cond.hpp
index 820f4bcc..eff5bd80 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/cond.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/cond.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct cond;
 	template<>
-	struct cond<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct cond<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U, typename V>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() ? std::declval<U>() : std::declval<V>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/dereference.hpp b/sprout/functional/dereference.hpp
index daccbc8d..326d17e5 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/dereference.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/dereference.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct dereference;
 	template<>
-	struct dereference<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct dereference<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(*std::declval<T>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/divides.hpp b/sprout/functional/divides.hpp
index b66813e0..57362593 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/divides.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/divides.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct divides<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct divides<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() / std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/divides_assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/divides_assign.hpp
index a8653ca1..0768b471 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/divides_assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/divides_assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct divides_assign;
 	template<>
-	struct divides_assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct divides_assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() /= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/equal_to.hpp b/sprout/functional/equal_to.hpp
index 502dbb5d..529bea23 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/equal_to.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/equal_to.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct equal_to<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct equal_to<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() == std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/greater.hpp b/sprout/functional/greater.hpp
index fe3a5e0f..c834eae8 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/greater.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/greater.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct greater<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct greater<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() > std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/greater_equal.hpp b/sprout/functional/greater_equal.hpp
index 7f189c82..c7936fb0 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/greater_equal.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/greater_equal.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct greater_equal<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct greater_equal<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() >= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/less.hpp b/sprout/functional/less.hpp
index 3663f4dd..fa24f51d 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/less.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/less.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct less<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct less<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() < std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/less_equal.hpp b/sprout/functional/less_equal.hpp
index 05a3bb22..937668da 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/less_equal.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/less_equal.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct less_equal<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct less_equal<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() <= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/logical_and.hpp b/sprout/functional/logical_and.hpp
index 81688afe..188abe41 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/logical_and.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/logical_and.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	// 20.8.6 logical operations
@@ -27,9 +28,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct logical_and<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct logical_and<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() && std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/logical_not.hpp b/sprout/functional/logical_not.hpp
index 78097624..58c378d6 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/logical_not.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/logical_not.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	// 20.8.6 logical operations
@@ -26,9 +27,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct logical_not<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct logical_not<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(!std::declval<T>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/logical_or.hpp b/sprout/functional/logical_or.hpp
index dce786c1..44da757d 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/logical_or.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/logical_or.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	// 20.8.6 logical operations
@@ -27,9 +28,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct logical_or<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct logical_or<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() || std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/mem_ptr.hpp b/sprout/functional/mem_ptr.hpp
index d1d26b1f..dc99f9f6 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/mem_ptr.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/mem_ptr.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct mem_ptr;
 	template<>
-	struct mem_ptr<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct mem_ptr<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>()->*std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/member.hpp b/sprout/functional/member.hpp
index c33d6ed7..e787f677 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/member.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/member.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct member;
 	template<>
-	struct member<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct member<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>().*std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/minus.hpp b/sprout/functional/minus.hpp
index c452a1c3..5c85a2d6 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/minus.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/minus.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct minus<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct minus<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() - std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/minus_assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/minus_assign.hpp
index 03ebb4d8..e50eda91 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/minus_assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/minus_assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct minus_assign;
 	template<>
-	struct minus_assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct minus_assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() -= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/modulus.hpp b/sprout/functional/modulus.hpp
index 15a3f221..29ad45ca 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/modulus.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/modulus.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct modulus<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct modulus<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() % std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/modulus_assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/modulus_assign.hpp
index 8f1e0ff9..832b5ebf 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/modulus_assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/modulus_assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct modulus_assign;
 	template<>
-	struct modulus_assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct modulus_assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() %= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/multiplies.hpp b/sprout/functional/multiplies.hpp
index b4611e83..a3d69967 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/multiplies.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/multiplies.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct multiplies<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct multiplies<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() * std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/multiplies_assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/multiplies_assign.hpp
index d788f448..a3311d9a 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/multiplies_assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/multiplies_assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct multiplies_assign;
 	template<>
-	struct multiplies_assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct multiplies_assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() *= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/negate.hpp b/sprout/functional/negate.hpp
index 770896c7..db05660e 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/negate.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/negate.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -30,9 +31,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct negate<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct negate<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(-std::declval<T>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/plus.hpp b/sprout/functional/plus.hpp
index e7ae7ab2..962450e4 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/plus.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/plus.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -31,9 +32,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct plus<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct plus<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() + std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/plus_assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/plus_assign.hpp
index 72956124..1e257ed7 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/plus_assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/plus_assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct plus_assign;
 	template<>
-	struct plus_assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct plus_assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() += std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/posite.hpp b/sprout/functional/posite.hpp
index 09bf5945..b19e2539 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/posite.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/posite.hpp
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 
@@ -30,9 +31,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	};
 
 	template<>
-	struct posite<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct posite<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(+std::declval<T>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/post_dec.hpp b/sprout/functional/post_dec.hpp
index a994bab8..de474f7c 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/post_dec.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/post_dec.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct post_dec;
 	template<>
-	struct post_dec<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct post_dec<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(~std::declval<T>()--)
diff --git a/sprout/functional/post_inc.hpp b/sprout/functional/post_inc.hpp
index bf399269..f74fec33 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/post_inc.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/post_inc.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct post_inc;
 	template<>
-	struct post_inc<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct post_inc<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>()++)
diff --git a/sprout/functional/pre_dec.hpp b/sprout/functional/pre_dec.hpp
index f2218246..39be5559 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/pre_dec.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/pre_dec.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct pre_dec;
 	template<>
-	struct pre_dec<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct pre_dec<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(--std::declval<T>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/pre_inc.hpp b/sprout/functional/pre_inc.hpp
index acb9b784..1d17f5d0 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/pre_inc.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/pre_inc.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct pre_inc;
 	template<>
-	struct pre_inc<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct pre_inc<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(++std::declval<T>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/shift_left.hpp b/sprout/functional/shift_left.hpp
index deb31b3b..2638f7dc 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/shift_left.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/shift_left.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct shift_left;
 	template<>
-	struct shift_left<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct shift_left<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() << std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/shift_left_assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/shift_left_assign.hpp
index c8af3db8..bda3500a 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/shift_left_assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/shift_left_assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct shift_left_assign;
 	template<>
-	struct shift_left_assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct shift_left_assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() <<= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/shift_right.hpp b/sprout/functional/shift_right.hpp
index 36a017ec..454f7672 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/shift_right.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/shift_right.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct shift_right;
 	template<>
-	struct shift_right<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct shift_right<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() >> std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/shift_right_assign.hpp b/sprout/functional/shift_right_assign.hpp
index 3dd10b06..44c1be80 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/shift_right_assign.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/shift_right_assign.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct shift_right_assign;
 	template<>
-	struct shift_right_assign<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct shift_right_assign<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>() >>= std::declval<U>())
diff --git a/sprout/functional/subscript.hpp b/sprout/functional/subscript.hpp
index 18cbe0c2..8fb9d2db 100644
--- a/sprout/functional/subscript.hpp
+++ b/sprout/functional/subscript.hpp
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <utility>
 #include <sprout/config.hpp>
 #include <sprout/utility/forward.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/transparent.hpp>
 
 namespace sprout {
 	//
@@ -19,9 +20,9 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T = void>
 	struct subscript;
 	template<>
-	struct subscript<void> {
-	public:
-		typedef void is_transparent;
+	struct subscript<void>
+		: public sprout::transparent<>
+	{
 	public:
 		template<typename T, typename U>
 		SPROUT_CONSTEXPR decltype(std::declval<T>()[std::declval<U>()])
diff --git a/sprout/valarray/comparison.hpp b/sprout/valarray/comparison.hpp
index 21f80f83..e8c3f3f8 100644
--- a/sprout/valarray/comparison.hpp
+++ b/sprout/valarray/comparison.hpp
@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@
 #include <sprout/valarray/valarray.hpp>
 #include <sprout/algorithm/fixed/transform.hpp>
 #include <sprout/functional/equal_to.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/not_equal_to.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/greater.hpp>
 #include <sprout/functional/less.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/greater_equal.hpp>
+#include <sprout/functional/less_equal.hpp>
 #include <sprout/functional/bind2nd.hpp>
 #include <sprout/functional/bind1st.hpp>
 
@@ -42,17 +46,17 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator!=(sprout::valarray<T, N> const& lhs, sprout::valarray<T, N> const& rhs) {
-		return !(lhs == rhs);
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), rhs.begin(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(lhs.size()), sprout::not_equal_to<>());
 	}
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator!=(sprout::valarray<T, N> const& lhs, T const& rhs) {
-		return !(lhs == rhs);
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(lhs.size()), sprout::bind2nd(sprout::not_equal_to<>(), rhs));
 	}
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator!=(T const& lhs, sprout::valarray<T, N> const& rhs) {
-		return !(lhs == rhs);
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(rhs.begin(), rhs.end(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(rhs.size()), sprout::bind1st(sprout::not_equal_to<>(), lhs));
 	}
 	//
 	// operator<
@@ -78,17 +82,17 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator>(sprout::valarray<T, N> const& lhs, sprout::valarray<T, N> const& rhs) {
-		return rhs < lhs;
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), rhs.begin(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(lhs.size()), sprout::greater<>());
 	}
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator>(sprout::valarray<T, N> const& lhs, T const& rhs) {
-		return rhs < lhs;
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(lhs.size()), sprout::bind2nd(sprout::greater<>(), rhs));
 	}
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator>(T const& lhs, sprout::valarray<T, N> const& rhs) {
-		return rhs < lhs;
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(rhs.begin(), rhs.end(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(rhs.size()), sprout::bind1st(sprout::greater<>(), lhs));
 	}
 	//
 	// operator<=
@@ -96,17 +100,17 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator<=(sprout::valarray<T, N> const& lhs, sprout::valarray<T, N> const& rhs) {
-		return !(rhs < lhs);
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), rhs.begin(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(lhs.size()), sprout::less_equal<>());
 	}
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator<=(sprout::valarray<T, N> const& lhs, T const& rhs) {
-		return !(rhs < lhs);
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(lhs.size()), sprout::bind2nd(sprout::less_equal<>(), rhs));
 	}
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator<=(T const& lhs, sprout::valarray<T, N> const& rhs) {
-		return !(rhs < lhs);
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(rhs.begin(), rhs.end(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(rhs.size()), sprout::bind1st(sprout::less_equal<>(), lhs));
 	}
 	//
 	// operator>=
@@ -114,17 +118,17 @@ namespace sprout {
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator>=(sprout::valarray<T, N> const& lhs, sprout::valarray<T, N> const& rhs) {
-		return !(lhs < rhs);
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), rhs.begin(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(lhs.size()), sprout::greater_equal<>());
 	}
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator>=(sprout::valarray<T, N> const& lhs, T const& rhs) {
-		return !(lhs < rhs);
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(lhs.size()), sprout::bind2nd(sprout::greater_equal<>(), rhs));
 	}
 	template<typename T, std::size_t N>
 	inline SPROUT_CONSTEXPR sprout::valarray<bool, N>
 	operator>=(T const& lhs, sprout::valarray<T, N> const& rhs) {
-		return !(lhs < rhs);
+		return sprout::fixed::transform(rhs.begin(), rhs.end(), sprout::valarray<bool, N>(rhs.size()), sprout::bind1st(sprout::greater_equal<>(), lhs));
 	}
 }	// namespace sprout